The Effect of Anesthesia on Objective Anterior Cruciate Ligament Stability Testing: A Paired Analysis of Instrumented Laxity and Physical Examination
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effect of anesthesia on instrumented and manual knee stability testing in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency, and to determine whether demographic or injury-related factors predict anesthesia-related increases in instability. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 100 adult patients with symptomatic ACL tears undergoing surgical treatment. Standardized knee examinations were performed immediately before and after anesthesia (sedation combined with spinal anesthesia). Instrumented anterior tibial translation was measured using a handheld Lachmeter, with side-to-side difference (SSD) analyzed as a continuous variable and using ≥3 mm and ≥4 mm diagnostic thresholds. Manual clinical examinations included the Lachman, anterior drawer, and pivot-shift tests. Pre- and post-anesthesia comparisons were performed using paired statistical tests. Logistic regression and bias-reduced (Firth) models were used to identify predictors of anesthesia-related increases in instability, including age, sex, body mass index, and meniscal pathology. Results: Mean Lachmeter SSD increased significantly from 3.35±1.97mm pre-anesthesia to 5.04±2.26mm post-anesthesia (+1.70 mm; 95% CI, 1.31–2.09; p<0.0001; Cohen’s d =0.90). The proportion of patients exceeding ≥3mm SSD increased from 52.0% to 86.0% (OR=17.0; p<0.000001), and ≥4mm SSD from 36.6% to 65.6% (OR=10.0; p<0.00001). Lachman, anterior drawer, and pivot-shift grades all increased significantly after anesthesia (all p<0.0001). Logistic regression analyses did not identify consistent predictors of instability increase, including demographic variables or meniscal tear characteristics. Conclusion: Anesthesia significantly unmasks anterior and rotational knee instability, frequently shifting patients across established diagnostic thresholds. Instability increases occur broadly and are not reliably predicted by demographic or injury-related factors.
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BibTeX
@article{mameri2026effect,
title = {{The Effect of Anesthesia on Objective Anterior Cruciate Ligament Stability Testing: A Paired Analysis of Instrumented Laxity and Physical Examination}},
author = {E.S. Mameri and M.V. Credidio and T.S.P. Bueno and A.B. Mestriner and M.S. Kubota and C.E.D.S. Franciozi},
journal = {Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1177/2325967126s00598},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967126s00598},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - The Effect of Anesthesia on Objective Anterior Cruciate Ligament Stability Testing: A Paired Analysis of Instrumented Laxity and Physical Examination
AU - E.S. Mameri
AU - M.V. Credidio
AU - T.S.P. Bueno
AU - A.B. Mestriner
AU - M.S. Kubota
AU - C.E.D.S. Franciozi
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/28
JO - Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine
DO - 10.1177/2325967126s00598
UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967126s00598
AB - Objective: To evaluate the effect of anesthesia on instrumented and manual knee stability testing in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency, and to determine whether demographic or injury-related factors predict anesthesia-related increases in instability. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 100 adult patients with symptomatic ACL tears undergoing surgical treatment. Standardized knee examinations were performed immediately before and after anesthesia (sedation combined with spinal anesthesia). Instrumented anterior tibial translation was measured using a handheld Lachmeter, with side-to-side difference (SSD) analyzed as a continuous variable and using ≥3 mm and ≥4 mm diagnostic thresholds. Manual clinical examinations included the Lachman, anterior drawer, and pivot-shift tests. Pre- and post-anesthesia comparisons were performed using paired statistical tests. Logistic regression and bias-reduced (Firth) models were used to identify predictors of anesthesia-related increases in instability, including age, sex, body mass index, and meniscal pathology. Results: Mean Lachmeter SSD increased significantly from 3.35±1.97mm pre-anesthesia to 5.04±2.26mm post-anesthesia (+1.70 mm; 95% CI, 1.31–2.09; p<0.0001; Cohen’s d =0.90). The proportion of patients exceeding ≥3mm SSD increased from 52.0% to 86.0% (OR=17.0; p<0.000001), and ≥4mm SSD from 36.6% to 65.6% (OR=10.0; p<0.00001). Lachman, anterior drawer, and pivot-shift grades all increased significantly after anesthesia (all p<0.0001). Logistic regression analyses did not identify consistent predictors of instability increase, including demographic variables or meniscal tear characteristics. Conclusion: Anesthesia significantly unmasks anterior and rotational knee instability, frequently shifting patients across established diagnostic thresholds. Instability increases occur broadly and are not reliably predicted by demographic or injury-related factors.
SN - 2325-9671
ER -