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Peer-reviewedCC BYAnalytical chemistry

Circumventing Inner Filter Effects in Ultrafast Near-Infrared II (NIR-II) Up-Conversion Spectroscopy Using Front-Face Optical Configuration.

  • Tse-Hua Hsu1
  • Hao-Chun Huang1
  • Yen-Chang Chen2
  • Yang-Hsiang Chan2
  • Li-Kang Chu1
  • I-Chia Chen1
  • Bo-Han Wu1
  1. 1Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu300044, Taiwan.
  2. 2Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001, University Road, Hsinchu300093, Taiwan.
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Abstract

Self-absorption is fatal in up-conversion ultrafast spectroscopy, severely suppressing the fluorescent signal. To conquer this problem, we implemented a front-face optical configuration in fluorescence up-conversion spectroscopy to accurately record the intrinsic excited-state dynamics of near-infrared II (NIR-II) fluorophores, significantly minimizing the optical path length of sample absorption. Concurrently, the inner filter effect (IFE) was greatly prohibited; i.e., the intrinsic fluorescence evolution can be correctly recorded without self-absorption. By combining this optical geometry with the high temporal resolution of the up-conversion technique, we successfully recorded the ultrafast dynamics of the benchmark organic dye IR1061 and the porphyrinoid S2F-2H+ at 1235 nm, in terms of their decay lifetimes of 31 ± 1 ps and 74 ± 3 ps, respectively. Notably, despite a nearly zero Stokes shift (64 cm-1) and strong spectral overlap of the absorption and emission contours of S2F-2H+, the up-conversion detection using front-face geometry leads to a superb signal-to-noise ratio of ca. 334. This optical configuration provides a promising tool for probing NIR-II fluorescence systems, especially for investigating highly self-absorbing materials and paving the way for the rational design of high-performance NIR-II fluorophores.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{hsu2026circumventing,
  title = {{Circumventing Inner Filter Effects in Ultrafast Near-Infrared II (NIR-II) Up-Conversion Spectroscopy Using Front-Face Optical Configuration.}},
  author = {Tse-Hua Hsu and Hao-Chun Huang and Yen-Chang Chen and Yang-Hsiang Chan and Li-Kang Chu and I-Chia Chen and Bo-Han Wu},
  journal = {Analytical chemistry},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.6c05839},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42916120},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Circumventing Inner Filter Effects in Ultrafast Near-Infrared II (NIR-II) Up-Conversion Spectroscopy Using Front-Face Optical Configuration.
AU  - Tse-Hua Hsu
AU  - Hao-Chun Huang
AU  - Yen-Chang Chen
AU  - Yang-Hsiang Chan
AU  - Li-Kang Chu
AU  - I-Chia Chen
AU  - Bo-Han Wu
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/01
JO  - Analytical chemistry
DO  - 10.1021/acs.analchem.6c05839
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42916120
AB  - Self-absorption is fatal in up-conversion ultrafast spectroscopy, severely suppressing the fluorescent signal. To conquer this problem, we implemented a front-face optical configuration in fluorescence up-conversion spectroscopy to accurately record the intrinsic excited-state dynamics of near-infrared II (NIR-II) fluorophores, significantly minimizing the optical path length of sample absorption. Concurrently, the inner filter effect (IFE) was greatly prohibited; i.e., the intrinsic fluorescence evolution can be correctly recorded without self-absorption. By combining this optical geometry with the high temporal resolution of the up-conversion technique, we successfully recorded the ultrafast dynamics of the benchmark organic dye IR1061 and the porphyrinoid S2F-2H+ at 1235 nm, in terms of their decay lifetimes of 31 ± 1 ps and 74 ± 3 ps, respectively. Notably, despite a nearly zero Stokes shift (64 cm-1) and strong spectral overlap of the absorption and emission contours of S2F-2H+, the up-conversion detection using front-face geometry leads to a superb signal-to-noise ratio of ca. 334. This optical configuration provides a promising tool for probing NIR-II fluorescence systems, especially for investigating highly self-absorbing materials and paving the way for the rational design of high-performance NIR-II fluorophores.
SN  - 0003-2700
SN  - 1520-6882
ER  -