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Peer-reviewedCC BYCanadian journal of pain = Revue canadienne de la douleur

From Concept to Classroom: Developing and Evaluating Pain Smart, a School-Based Pain Education Module.

  • Isabelle Bogard1,2
  • Steven J Kamper1,2
  • Andrew Sortwell3,4,5
  • Laura R C Montgomery1
  • Christopher M Williams1,6
  • Justin Costello7
  • Tie P Yamato1,2,8,9
9 affiliations
  1. 1Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
  2. 2Allied Health Research Support Centre, Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.
  3. 3School of Education, University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, Australia.
  4. 4School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, Australia.
  5. 5Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
  6. 6Research and Knowledge Translation Directorate, Mid North Coast Local Health District, C/o Port Macquarie, Australia.
  7. 7Sydney Catholic Schools, Patrician Brothers College Fairfield, Sydney, Australia.
  8. 8Institute of Musculoskeletal Health, Sydney Local Health District and The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
  9. 9Masters and Doctoral Program in Physiotherapy, University of Sao Paulo City, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Abstract

Background

Pain is a significant issue affecting adolescents. However, adolescents often receive outdated, non-evidence-based management for pain. School-based pain education has been identified as a priority for pain management in Australia, yet none is endorsed in schools. This paper describes the process of developing and evaluating the Pain Smart education module for students aged 12-16 at Australian secondary schools.Methods

The process included five phases: (1) listening to adolescent voices; (2) developing the Pain Smart lessons and resources; (3) piloting the Pain Smart education module; (4) refining the Pain Smart education module; and (5) evaluating the Pain Smart education module. Each phase is mapped to an implementation framework: Phase 1 is aligned with the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, Phase 2 and 4 with the Knowledge-to-Action Framework, and Phase 3 and 5 with the Conceptual Framework for Implementation Outcomes.Results

Phase 1 identified gaps in students' knowledge and preferences for learning about pain at school. Phase 2 used these findings and evidence-based concepts to develop three curriculum-aligned, ready-to-teach lessons. Phase 3 piloted the module in two secondary schools, demonstrating acceptability, appropriateness and feasibility while identifying issues with study processes. Phase 4 refined the lessons and study processes based on these findings. Phase 5 describes a cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate the module.Conclusions

The Pain Smart education module was developed using a comprehensive and collaborative learning approach. Using established implementation frameworks ensured the module addresses real-world barriers and perspectives of relevant parties. Ongoing evaluation will determine its effectiveness and inform its future scalability.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{bogard2026from,
  title = {{From Concept to Classroom: Developing and Evaluating Pain Smart, a School-Based Pain Education Module.}},
  author = {Isabelle Bogard and Steven J Kamper and Andrew Sortwell and Laura R C Montgomery and Christopher M Williams and Justin Costello and Tie P Yamato},
  journal = {Canadian journal of pain = Revue canadienne de la douleur},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1080/24740527.2026.2720684},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42948270},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - From Concept to Classroom: Developing and Evaluating Pain Smart, a School-Based Pain Education Module.
AU  - Isabelle Bogard
AU  - Steven J Kamper
AU  - Andrew Sortwell
AU  - Laura R C Montgomery
AU  - Christopher M Williams
AU  - Justin Costello
AU  - Tie P Yamato
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/26
JO  - Canadian journal of pain = Revue canadienne de la douleur
DO  - 10.1080/24740527.2026.2720684
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42948270
AB  - Background  Pain is a significant issue affecting adolescents. However, adolescents often receive outdated, non-evidence-based management for pain. School-based pain education has been identified as a priority for pain management in Australia, yet none is endorsed in schools. This paper describes the process of developing and evaluating the Pain Smart education module for students aged 12-16 at Australian secondary schools.Methods  The process included five phases: (1) listening to adolescent voices; (2) developing the Pain Smart lessons and resources; (3) piloting the Pain Smart education module; (4) refining the Pain Smart education module; and (5) evaluating the Pain Smart education module. Each phase is mapped to an implementation framework: Phase 1 is aligned with the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, Phase 2 and 4 with the Knowledge-to-Action Framework, and Phase 3 and 5 with the Conceptual Framework for Implementation Outcomes.Results  Phase 1 identified gaps in students' knowledge and preferences for learning about pain at school. Phase 2 used these findings and evidence-based concepts to develop three curriculum-aligned, ready-to-teach lessons. Phase 3 piloted the module in two secondary schools, demonstrating acceptability, appropriateness and feasibility while identifying issues with study processes. Phase 4 refined the lessons and study processes based on these findings. Phase 5 describes a cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate the module.Conclusions  The Pain Smart education module was developed using a comprehensive and collaborative learning approach. Using established implementation frameworks ensured the module addresses real-world barriers and perspectives of relevant parties. Ongoing evaluation will determine its effectiveness and inform its future scalability.
SN  - 2474-0527
ER  -