Peer-reviewedCC BY-NCInternational journal of nanomedicine17 Oct 2026

Advancements in Nanomedicine Platforms and Solid-State Engineering for Enhancing the Solubility of Apigenin: A Narrative Review.

Valentina Fiftianingrum¹
Iyan Sopyan¹
Dhiya'Ul Haq¹
Sani Ega Priani²
Feggy Yustika Sitinjak³

¹Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia.
²Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Bandung, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.
³Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia.

Abstract

Apigenin (APG) is a natural flavonoid with significant pharmacological potential, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. However, its clinical translation is severely constrained by its classification as a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II compound, characterized by high permeability but poor aqueous solubility. This narrative review provides a critical, comparative evaluation of recent formulation strategies aimed at enhancing APG solubility and bioavailability. Literature published between 2013 and 2025 was systematically analyzed across PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. We establish a comparative framework categorizing formulations into nanoparticle-based delivery systems (eg, nanocrystals, SNEDDS, ethosomes, phytosomes, liposomes, mesoporous silica, micelles, and nanosuspensions) and solid-state modifications (eg, cocrystals, solid dispersions, inclusion complexes, and amorphous forms). Specifically, these strategies are differentiated through thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives: solid-state modifications predominantly lower lattice energy to raise equilibrium thermodynamic solubility, whereas nano-formulations enhance kinetic dissolution rates through surface area enlargement and improved mucosal absorption. By bridging fundamental thermodynamic mechanisms with translational challenges, this review provides strategic insights for the rational design of clinically viable apigenin delivery systems.

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Cite

BibTeX RIS

BibTeX

@article{fiftianingrum2026advancements,
  title = {{Advancements in Nanomedicine Platforms and Solid-State Engineering for Enhancing the Solubility of Apigenin: A Narrative Review.}},
  author = {Valentina Fiftianingrum and Iyan Sopyan and Dhiya'Ul Haq and Sani Ega Priani and Feggy Yustika Sitinjak},
  journal = {International journal of nanomedicine},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.2147/ijn.s641769},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42910236},
  note = {CC BY-NC},
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Advancements in Nanomedicine Platforms and Solid-State Engineering for Enhancing the Solubility of Apigenin: A Narrative Review.
AU  - Valentina Fiftianingrum
AU  - Iyan Sopyan
AU  - Dhiya'Ul Haq
AU  - Sani Ega Priani
AU  - Feggy Yustika Sitinjak
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/17
JO  - International journal of nanomedicine
DO  - 10.2147/ijn.s641769
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42910236
AB  - Apigenin (APG) is a natural flavonoid with significant pharmacological potential, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. However, its clinical translation is severely constrained by its classification as a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II compound, characterized by high permeability but poor aqueous solubility. This narrative review provides a critical, comparative evaluation of recent formulation strategies aimed at enhancing APG solubility and bioavailability. Literature published between 2013 and 2025 was systematically analyzed across PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. We establish a comparative framework categorizing formulations into nanoparticle-based delivery systems (eg, nanocrystals, SNEDDS, ethosomes, phytosomes, liposomes, mesoporous silica, micelles, and nanosuspensions) and solid-state modifications (eg, cocrystals, solid dispersions, inclusion complexes, and amorphous forms). Specifically, these strategies are differentiated through thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives: solid-state modifications predominantly lower lattice energy to raise equilibrium thermodynamic solubility, whereas nano-formulations enhance kinetic dissolution rates through surface area enlargement and improved mucosal absorption. By bridging fundamental thermodynamic mechanisms with translational challenges, this review provides strategic insights for the rational design of clinically viable apigenin delivery systems.
SN  - 1176-9114
SN  - 1178-2013
ER  -

Abstract

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