Viral Platforms and Synthetic Nanoparticles in Transforming CAR-T Cell Therapy: A Review of Recent Experimental Advances in Enhancing Safety and Efficacy
- 1Students’ Scientific Association at the Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- 2Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy represents a transformative breakthrough in the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, its clinical efficacy against solid tumors is greatly hindered by physical stromal barriers and a complex, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In addition to these biological hurdles, the high cost of ex vivo manufacturing and the risk of severe adverse effects, such as cytokine release syndrome, limit widespread patient access. The aim of this review was to analyze reports published between 2020 and 2025 regarding the use of viral and synthetic nanoplatforms to improve the safety and efficacy of CAR-T therapy, with a particular focus on ex vivo cell engineering and innovative strategies for in vivo CAR-T cell generation. The review first evaluates how lipid- and polymer-based nanoparticles, acting as nonviral vectors, can revolutionize CAR-T engineering by providing cost-effective alternatives to viral transduction, accelerating cell preparation, and minimizing the risks associated with random genomic integration. It then examines the application of multifunctional nanocatalysts designed to enhance T-cell infiltration and actively modulate the TME to overcome immune evasion. Crucially, the review explores cutting-edge in vivo platforms, including VivoVec and adaptable chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (AdCAR-T) systems, which facilitate direct endogenous lymphocyte reprogramming, thus bypassing lymphodepletion and the logistical burdens of specialized laboratory processing. Integration of these nanotechnologies into such workflows enables the development of “smart,” controllable therapeutic systems that improve both safety and scalability in personalized oncology.
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BibTeX
@article{wojcik2026viral,
title = {{Viral Platforms and Synthetic Nanoparticles in Transforming CAR-T Cell Therapy: A Review of Recent Experimental Advances in Enhancing Safety and Efficacy}},
author = {Krzysztof Wójcik and Karolina Jankowska and Jan Olszewski and Michał Gałuszewski and Anna Bielecka-Wajdman},
journal = {Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.12659/msm.953538},
url = {https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.953538},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Viral Platforms and Synthetic Nanoparticles in Transforming CAR-T Cell Therapy: A Review of Recent Experimental Advances in Enhancing Safety and Efficacy
AU - Krzysztof Wójcik
AU - Karolina Jankowska
AU - Jan Olszewski
AU - Michał Gałuszewski
AU - Anna Bielecka-Wajdman
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/26
JO - Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research
DO - 10.12659/msm.953538
UR - https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.953538
AB - Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy represents a transformative breakthrough in the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, its clinical efficacy against solid tumors is greatly hindered by physical stromal barriers and a complex, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In addition to these biological hurdles, the high cost of ex vivo manufacturing and the risk of severe adverse effects, such as cytokine release syndrome, limit widespread patient access. The aim of this review was to analyze reports published between 2020 and 2025 regarding the use of viral and synthetic nanoplatforms to improve the safety and efficacy of CAR-T therapy, with a particular focus on ex vivo cell engineering and innovative strategies for in vivo CAR-T cell generation. The review first evaluates how lipid- and polymer-based nanoparticles, acting as nonviral vectors, can revolutionize CAR-T engineering by providing cost-effective alternatives to viral transduction, accelerating cell preparation, and minimizing the risks associated with random genomic integration. It then examines the application of multifunctional nanocatalysts designed to enhance T-cell infiltration and actively modulate the TME to overcome immune evasion. Crucially, the review explores cutting-edge in vivo platforms, including VivoVec and adaptable chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (AdCAR-T) systems, which facilitate direct endogenous lymphocyte reprogramming, thus bypassing lymphodepletion and the logistical burdens of specialized laboratory processing. Integration of these nanotechnologies into such workflows enables the development of “smart,” controllable therapeutic systems that improve both safety and scalability in personalized oncology.
SN - 1234-1010
SN - 1643-3750
ER -