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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Polymers

Ciprofloxacin and Purple Carrot Extract-Loaded Bilayer Nanofibrous Wound Dressings: A Multifunctional Platform for Controlled Release and Antibacterial Wound Care

  • Petek Nisa Kahraman1
  • Sema Samatya Yilmaz1,2
  • Huseyin Uzuner3,4
  • Ikrime Orkan Ucar5
  • Ayse Aytac1,2
5 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, Turkey
  2. 2Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, Turkey
  3. 3Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Kocaeli Vocational School of Health Services, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, Turkey
  4. 4Molecular Research and Antibody Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, Turkey
  5. 5Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Duzce University, Duzce 81620, Turkey
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Abstract

To effectively manage bacterial infections and support tissue regeneration, developing multifunctional, biocompatible, and stable wound coverings is critical. Here, bilayer nanofiber wound dressings were developed via electrospinning, comprising a ciprofloxacin-loaded (CIP) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) layer and a purple carrot extract-loaded (PCrt) polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) layer, and cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GLA). Compared to the PVA/CIP-PVP control, which exhibited restricted swelling (~2.65%) and limited CIP release (8.51%), incorporating hydrophilic PCrt (7% w/w) enhanced macroscopic swelling to 707.14% and provided diffusion-controlled antioxidant capacity (12.86% via DPPH). Kinetic modeling identified Quasi-Fickian diffusion, while the Peppas–Sahlin model mathematically proved that severe chain entanglement and hydrogen bonding locked the matrix (negative relaxation constant), suppressing proportional release efficiency to ~22.8%. Biologically, the PCrt-free control showed GLA-induced basal cytotoxicity (66.31% viability) and 0% antibacterial activity due to strict drug confinement. However, PCrt addition restored L929 fibroblast viability to safe levels (75–77%) via antioxidant phenolic protection. Crucially, PCrt incorporation effectively mobilized residual GLA and phenolic compounds, elevating bactericidal efficacy to 100% against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Although these bilayer nanofibers show strong synergistic bactericidal effects, crosslinking strategies on the green concept should be developed to eliminate GLA-induced toxicity and ensure wound management in safe clinical conditions.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{kahraman2026ciprofloxacin,
  title = {{Ciprofloxacin and Purple Carrot Extract-Loaded Bilayer Nanofibrous Wound Dressings: A Multifunctional Platform for Controlled Release and Antibacterial Wound Care}},
  author = {Petek Nisa Kahraman and Sema Samatya Yilmaz and Huseyin Uzuner and Ikrime Orkan Ucar and Ayse Aytac},
  journal = {Polymers},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/polym18202479},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/20/2479},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Ciprofloxacin and Purple Carrot Extract-Loaded Bilayer Nanofibrous Wound Dressings: A Multifunctional Platform for Controlled Release and Antibacterial Wound Care
AU  - Petek Nisa Kahraman
AU  - Sema Samatya Yilmaz
AU  - Huseyin Uzuner
AU  - Ikrime Orkan Ucar
AU  - Ayse Aytac
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/01
JO  - Polymers
DO  - 10.3390/polym18202479
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/20/2479
AB  - To effectively manage bacterial infections and support tissue regeneration, developing multifunctional, biocompatible, and stable wound coverings is critical. Here, bilayer nanofiber wound dressings were developed via electrospinning, comprising a ciprofloxacin-loaded (CIP) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) layer and a purple carrot extract-loaded (PCrt) polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) layer, and cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GLA). Compared to the PVA/CIP-PVP control, which exhibited restricted swelling (~2.65%) and limited CIP release (8.51%), incorporating hydrophilic PCrt (7% w/w) enhanced macroscopic swelling to 707.14% and provided diffusion-controlled antioxidant capacity (12.86% via DPPH). Kinetic modeling identified Quasi-Fickian diffusion, while the Peppas–Sahlin model mathematically proved that severe chain entanglement and hydrogen bonding locked the matrix (negative relaxation constant), suppressing proportional release efficiency to ~22.8%. Biologically, the PCrt-free control showed GLA-induced basal cytotoxicity (66.31% viability) and 0% antibacterial activity due to strict drug confinement. However, PCrt addition restored L929 fibroblast viability to safe levels (75–77%) via antioxidant phenolic protection. Crucially, PCrt incorporation effectively mobilized residual GLA and phenolic compounds, elevating bactericidal efficacy to 100% against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Although these bilayer nanofibers show strong synergistic bactericidal effects, crosslinking strategies on the green concept should be developed to eliminate GLA-induced toxicity and ensure wound management in safe clinical conditions.
SN  - 2073-4360
ER  -