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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC-NDNano convergence

Safe and sustainable by design (SSbD) for nanotechnology: scientific foundations, global policy perspectives, and industrial practice.

  • Zayakhuu Gerelkhuu1
  • Angela Serra2,3
  • Seung-Geun Park4
  • Ishita Virmani5
  • Aline Maria Zigiotto de Medeiros6
  • Ariadna Acedo-Terrades7
  • Fotini Nikiforou8,9
  • Achilleas Karakoltzidis8,9
  • Seong-Kwan Kim10
  • Hyeonsoo Eom10
  • Martin Himly11
  • Dimitris G Mintis12,13
26 more authors
  • Vasileios Minadakis14
  • Dimitra-Danai Varsou14
  • Spyros Karakitsios8,9,15,16
  • Dimosthenis A Sarigiannis8,9,15,16,17,18,19
  • Giusy Del Giudice2,3,20
  • Marcella Torres Maia2
  • Michele Fratello2
  • Anastasios G Papadiamantis12,13
  • Panagiotis Isigonis21
  • Anna Pohl22
  • Sang Hee Lee23
  • Byung-Tae Lee24
  • Yang-Won Suh25
  • Candida Lorusso26
  • Francesco Dondero26
  • Steffi Friedrichs22
  • Antreas Afantitis12,27,28
  • Haralambos Sarimveis14
  • Eva-Kathrin Schillinger29
  • Peter Wick7
  • Diego Stéfani Teodoro Martinez6
  • Iseult Lynch13,30
  • Thomas E Exner31
  • Tommaso Serchi21
  • Tae Hyun Yoon32,4,33
  • Dario Greco34,35
35 affiliations
  1. 1Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea. [email protected].
  2. 2Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100, Tampere, Finland.
  3. 3Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
  4. 4Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
  5. 5Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
  6. 6Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
  7. 7Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Nanomaterials in Health, Empa, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
  8. 8Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
  9. 9HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Thermi, Greece.
  10. 10Department of Research and Development, Safety Core Lab. Co. Ltd, Seoul, 04309, Republic of Korea.
  11. 11Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
  12. 12Nanoinformatics Department, NovaMechanics Ltd, Nicosia, Cyprus.
  13. 13Entelos Institute, Larnaca, Cyprus.
  14. 14School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15772, Athens, Greece.
  15. 15EnvE.X, K. Palama 11, Thessaloniki, Greece.
  16. 16National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece.
  17. 17School for Advanced Study (IUSS), Science, Technology and Society Department, Environmental Health Engineering, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
  18. 18Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
  19. 19Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
  20. 20Tampere Institute for Advanced Study, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
  21. 21Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 4362, Esch-sur- Alzette, Luxembourg.
  22. 22AcumenIST SRL, Rue Fétis 19, Etterbeek, 1040, Brussels, Belgium.
  23. 23Environmental Risk Research Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
  24. 24Environmental Analysis Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Jeonnam-Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
  25. 25Sustainable Development Research Group, Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, 30147, Republic of Korea.
  26. 26Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 15121, Alessandria, Italy.
  27. 27NovaMechanics MIKE, Piraeus, Greece.
  28. 28Department of Pharmacy, Frederick University, Nicosia, Cyprus.
  29. 29Innovative Advanced Materials Inititiave, Rue Belliard 40, 1040, Brussels, Belgium.
  30. 30School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
  31. 31Seven Past Nine d.o.o, 1380, Cerknica, Slovenia.
  32. 32Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
  33. 33Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
  34. 34Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100, Tampere, Finland. [email protected].
  35. 35Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00790, Helsinki, Finland. [email protected].
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Abstract

Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) is emerging as a transformative framework for integrating safety and sustainability with functionality in nanotechnology. This review provides a unified perspective on SSbD, bridging its scientific foundations, global policy developments, and industrial implementation. We highlight how advances in mechanistic understanding of nanomaterial-biological interactions enable earlier and more predictive safety assessment, supporting informed material design. At the policy level, evolving regulatory and governance approaches across regions are shaping the integration of sustainability and safety requirements. From an industrial perspective, SSbD is driving innovation in material substitution, process optimization, and lifecycle-oriented design. Despite this progress, challenges remain in standardization, data integration, and alignment between regulatory frameworks and industrial practice. This work positions SSbD as a central paradigm for enabling responsible innovation and accelerating the transition toward safer and more sustainable nanotechnologies.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{gerelkhuu2026safe,
  title = {{Safe and sustainable by design (SSbD) for nanotechnology: scientific foundations, global policy perspectives, and industrial practice.}},
  author = {Zayakhuu Gerelkhuu and Angela Serra and Seung-Geun Park and Ishita Virmani and Aline Maria Zigiotto de Medeiros and Ariadna Acedo-Terrades and Fotini Nikiforou and Achilleas Karakoltzidis and Seong-Kwan Kim and Hyeonsoo Eom and Martin Himly and Dimitris G Mintis and Vasileios Minadakis and Dimitra-Danai Varsou and Spyros Karakitsios and Dimosthenis A Sarigiannis and Giusy Del Giudice and Marcella Torres Maia and Michele Fratello and Anastasios G Papadiamantis and Panagiotis Isigonis and Anna Pohl and Sang Hee Lee and Byung-Tae Lee and Yang-Won Suh and Candida Lorusso and Francesco Dondero and Steffi Friedrichs and Antreas Afantitis and Haralambos Sarimveis and Eva-Kathrin Schillinger and Peter Wick and Diego Stéfani Teodoro Martinez and Iseult Lynch and Thomas E Exner and Tommaso Serchi and Tae Hyun Yoon and Dario Greco},
  journal = {Nano convergence},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1186/s40580-026-00583-9},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42873391},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Safe and sustainable by design (SSbD) for nanotechnology: scientific foundations, global policy perspectives, and industrial practice.
AU  - Zayakhuu Gerelkhuu
AU  - Angela Serra
AU  - Seung-Geun Park
AU  - Ishita Virmani
AU  - Aline Maria Zigiotto de Medeiros
AU  - Ariadna Acedo-Terrades
AU  - Fotini Nikiforou
AU  - Achilleas Karakoltzidis
AU  - Seong-Kwan Kim
AU  - Hyeonsoo Eom
AU  - Martin Himly
AU  - Dimitris G Mintis
AU  - Vasileios Minadakis
AU  - Dimitra-Danai Varsou
AU  - Spyros Karakitsios
AU  - Dimosthenis A Sarigiannis
AU  - Giusy Del Giudice
AU  - Marcella Torres Maia
AU  - Michele Fratello
AU  - Anastasios G Papadiamantis
AU  - Panagiotis Isigonis
AU  - Anna Pohl
AU  - Sang Hee Lee
AU  - Byung-Tae Lee
AU  - Yang-Won Suh
AU  - Candida Lorusso
AU  - Francesco Dondero
AU  - Steffi Friedrichs
AU  - Antreas Afantitis
AU  - Haralambos Sarimveis
AU  - Eva-Kathrin Schillinger
AU  - Peter Wick
AU  - Diego Stéfani Teodoro Martinez
AU  - Iseult Lynch
AU  - Thomas E Exner
AU  - Tommaso Serchi
AU  - Tae Hyun Yoon
AU  - Dario Greco
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/14
JO  - Nano convergence
DO  - 10.1186/s40580-026-00583-9
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42873391
AB  - Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) is emerging as a transformative framework for integrating safety and sustainability with functionality in nanotechnology. This review provides a unified perspective on SSbD, bridging its scientific foundations, global policy developments, and industrial implementation. We highlight how advances in mechanistic understanding of nanomaterial-biological interactions enable earlier and more predictive safety assessment, supporting informed material design. At the policy level, evolving regulatory and governance approaches across regions are shaping the integration of sustainability and safety requirements. From an industrial perspective, SSbD is driving innovation in material substitution, process optimization, and lifecycle-oriented design. Despite this progress, challenges remain in standardization, data integration, and alignment between regulatory frameworks and industrial practice. This work positions SSbD as a central paradigm for enabling responsible innovation and accelerating the transition toward safer and more sustainable nanotechnologies.
SN  - 2196-5404
ER  -