Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0PLOS One
Exact non-static cylindrical solutions of Einstein’s field equations with imperfect fluids
6 affiliations
- 1Department of Mathematics, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- 2School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- 3Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
- 4Department of Electrical Engineering, Prince Faisal bin Khalid bin Sultan Research Chair in Renewable Energy Studies and Applications (PFCRE), Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
- 5Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah 41411, Saudi Arabia
- 6Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
This work systematically derives a broad class of exact cylindrically symmetric spacetime models possessing scaling symmetries of varying dimensions. These models are then used to solve Einstein’s field equations for an imperfect fluid source that yields explicit anisotropic energy-momentum distributions. The solutions include vacuum, anisotropic fluid, and wave-like geometries, with connections to known models such as cylindrical waves, Levi-Civita spacetimes, and Kasner-type expansions. This study extends the catalog of exact cylindrically symmetric solutions and illustrates how scaling symmetry organizes the physics of time-dependent, anisotropic spacetimes.
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BibTeX
@article{hussain2026exact,
title = {{Exact non-static cylindrical solutions of Einstein’s field equations with imperfect fluids}},
author = {Tahir Hussain and Muhammad Farhan and Hala Mostafa and Sk. A. Shezan and Nowshad Amin and Rayan Hamza Alsisi and Naveed Ahmad},
journal = {PLOS One},
year = {2026},
month = aug,
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0355505},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0355505},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Exact non-static cylindrical solutions of Einstein’s field equations with imperfect fluids
AU - Tahir Hussain
AU - Muhammad Farhan
AU - Hala Mostafa
AU - Sk. A. Shezan
AU - Nowshad Amin
AU - Rayan Hamza Alsisi
AU - Naveed Ahmad
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/08/31
JO - PLOS One
DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0355505
UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0355505
AB - This work systematically derives a broad class of exact cylindrically symmetric spacetime models possessing scaling symmetries of varying dimensions. These models are then used to solve Einstein’s field equations for an imperfect fluid source that yields explicit anisotropic energy-momentum distributions. The solutions include vacuum, anisotropic fluid, and wave-like geometries, with connections to known models such as cylindrical waves, Levi-Civita spacetimes, and Kasner-type expansions. This study extends the catalog of exact cylindrically symmetric solutions and illustrates how scaling symmetry organizes the physics of time-dependent, anisotropic spacetimes.
SN - 1932-6203
ER -