Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity and larvicidal activities of Ziziphus oenopolia leaves: in vitro and in silico studies
9 affiliations
- 1Department of Biochemistry, SRM Dental College, Bharathi Salai, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
- 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Bharathi Salai, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
- 3Department of Zoology, Annai Vailankanni Arts and Science College, (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
- 4Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea.
- 5Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- 6National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan.
- 7Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- 8Department of Family Medicine, Zuoying Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- 9Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan.
Abstract
The present study investigated the phytochemical composition, in vitro and in silico biological activities, and insecticidal properties of Ziziphus oenopolia (L) Mill. leaf extracts. The LC-MS profile of Ziziphus oenopolia leaves extract, which identified major phytochemical classes of fatty acids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. The GC-MS profile, including n-hexadecanoic acid, phytol, and 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, which were predicted by PASS and ADMET profiling to exhibit strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and larvicidal activities. The hydroalcoholic extract demonstrated the highest biological efficacy across multiple assays. In vitro antioxidant evaluation revealed strong DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities with IC₅₀ values of 41.04 and 43.54 µg/mL, respectively. The extract also showed significant protein anti-denaturation effects against bovine serum albumin and egg albumin (IC₅₀ = 315.53 and 311.60 µg/mL), significant cytotoxicity (EC₅₀ = 173.92 µg/mL), and strong larvicidal activity (LC₅₀ = 126.09 µg/mL for Aedes aegypti and 136.01 µg/mL for Tribolium castaneum), all exhibiting dose-dependent inhibition. In silico molecular docking further supported these findings, revealing strong binding affinities of the phytoconstituents toward human peroxiredoxin 5 as an antioxidant target, COX-2 (PDB: 1PXX) as an anti-inflammatory target, EGFR (PDB: 2EB3) as an anticancer target, and juvenile hormone binding protein (PDB: 5V13) as a larvicidal target. Overall, Z. oenopolia may contribute to the development of natural antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents for mitigating oxidative stress-related and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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BibTeX
@article{ramalingam2026antioxidant,
title = {{Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity and larvicidal activities of Ziziphus oenopolia leaves: in vitro and in silico studies}},
author = {Shunmuga Vadivu Ramalingam and Vasthi Gnanarani Soloman and Senthil Bakthavatchalam and Karnan Ramachandran and Ramachandran Vinayagam and Zhi-Hong Wen and Chandramohan Govindasamy and Khalid M Almutairi and Yi-Hao Lo},
journal = {PLOS One},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0358577},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358577},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity and larvicidal activities of Ziziphus oenopolia leaves: in vitro and in silico studies
AU - Shunmuga Vadivu Ramalingam
AU - Vasthi Gnanarani Soloman
AU - Senthil Bakthavatchalam
AU - Karnan Ramachandran
AU - Ramachandran Vinayagam
AU - Zhi-Hong Wen
AU - Chandramohan Govindasamy
AU - Khalid M Almutairi
AU - Yi-Hao Lo
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/30
JO - PLOS One
DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0358577
UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358577
AB - The present study investigated the phytochemical composition, in vitro and in silico biological activities, and insecticidal properties of Ziziphus oenopolia (L) Mill. leaf extracts. The LC-MS profile of Ziziphus oenopolia leaves extract, which identified major phytochemical classes of fatty acids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. The GC-MS profile, including n-hexadecanoic acid, phytol, and 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, which were predicted by PASS and ADMET profiling to exhibit strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and larvicidal activities. The hydroalcoholic extract demonstrated the highest biological efficacy across multiple assays. In vitro antioxidant evaluation revealed strong DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities with IC₅₀ values of 41.04 and 43.54 µg/mL, respectively. The extract also showed significant protein anti-denaturation effects against bovine serum albumin and egg albumin (IC₅₀ = 315.53 and 311.60 µg/mL), significant cytotoxicity (EC₅₀ = 173.92 µg/mL), and strong larvicidal activity (LC₅₀ = 126.09 µg/mL for Aedes aegypti and 136.01 µg/mL for Tribolium castaneum), all exhibiting dose-dependent inhibition. In silico molecular docking further supported these findings, revealing strong binding affinities of the phytoconstituents toward human peroxiredoxin 5 as an antioxidant target, COX-2 (PDB: 1PXX) as an anti-inflammatory target, EGFR (PDB: 2EB3) as an anticancer target, and juvenile hormone binding protein (PDB: 5V13) as a larvicidal target. Overall, Z. oenopolia may contribute to the development of natural antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents for mitigating oxidative stress-related and chronic inflammatory diseases.
SN - 1932-6203
ER -