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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Food Science & Nutrition

Eggshell Waste Valorization: Nutritional Composition, Functional Properties, and Industrial Applications

  • Farhang Hameed Awlqadr1
  • Iffat Ullah2,3
  • Muhammad Tayyab Arshad4
  • Mamoona Shehzadi5
  • Ali Ikram5,6
  • Meerab Sajid7
  • Mohammed Ali Al‐Duais8
  • Md. Sakhawot Hossain9,10
10 affiliations
  1. 1Food Science and Quality Control, Halabja Technical College Sulaimani Polytechnic University Sulaymaniyah Iraq
  2. 2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Prince of Songkla University Songkhla Thailand
  3. 3Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Prince of Songkla University Songkhla Thailand
  4. 4Functional Food and Nutrition Program, Faculty of Agro‐Industry Prince of Songkla University Songkhla Thailand
  5. 5University Institute of Food Science and Technology The University of Lahore Lahore Pakistan
  6. 6College of Pharmaceutical Science Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
  7. 7University Institute of Dietetics and Nutrition Sciences The University of Chenab Gujrat Pakistan
  8. 8Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science University of Tabuk Tabuk Saudi Arabia
  9. 9Department of Nutrition and Food Technology Jashore University of Science and Technology Jashore Bangladesh
  10. 10Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering Daffodil International University Dhaka Bangladesh
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Abstract

Eggshell waste, a byproduct of global egg production, is a calcium‐rich secondary resource whose disposal creates environmental and resource recovery challenges. This review critically integrates current knowledge on the composition of the mineral shell and eggshell membrane, pretreatment and conversion routes, resulting material properties, and applications in food, biomedical, environmental, agricultural, and industrial systems. Eggshells predominantly consist of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), whereas the membrane contains collagenous proteins, glycosaminoglycan, and other matrix proteins. Cleaning, heat treatment, grinding, calcination, sol–gel conversion, mechanochemical synthesis, microwave‐assisted processing, and microbial bioprocessing can produce eggshell powder, CaO, calcium phosphate bioceramics, adsorbents, catalysts, and composite fillers with application‐dependent properties. Evidence supports calcium fortification with appropriately processed eggshells, experimental use of eggshell‐derived hydroxyapatite and β‐tricalcium phosphate in scaffolds or drug delivery systems, and applications in adsorption, catalysis, mineral fillers, and soil amendment. However, most routes remain at the laboratory or pilot scale, and the environmental superiority of green processes is rarely established by life cycle assessment. Feedstock variability, sanitation, process standardization, energy and chemical demand, regulatory classification, clinical validation, and consumer acceptance remain major barriers. By linking composition, processing, material performance, evidence maturity, and translation requirements, this review identifies priorities for safe and scalable eggshell waste valorization.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{awlqadr2026eggshell,
  title = {{Eggshell Waste Valorization: Nutritional Composition, Functional Properties, and Industrial Applications}},
  author = {Farhang Hameed Awlqadr and Iffat Ullah and Muhammad Tayyab Arshad and Mamoona Shehzadi and Ali Ikram and Meerab Sajid and Mohammed Ali Al‐Duais and Md. Sakhawot Hossain},
  journal = {Food Science \& Nutrition},
  year = {2026},
  month = nov,
  doi = {10.1002/fsn3.72546},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.72546},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Eggshell Waste Valorization: Nutritional Composition, Functional Properties, and Industrial Applications
AU  - Farhang Hameed Awlqadr
AU  - Iffat Ullah
AU  - Muhammad Tayyab Arshad
AU  - Mamoona Shehzadi
AU  - Ali Ikram
AU  - Meerab Sajid
AU  - Mohammed Ali Al‐Duais
AU  - Md. Sakhawot Hossain
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/11/03
JO  - Food Science & Nutrition
DO  - 10.1002/fsn3.72546
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.72546
AB  - Eggshell waste, a byproduct of global egg production, is a calcium‐rich secondary resource whose disposal creates environmental and resource recovery challenges. This review critically integrates current knowledge on the composition of the mineral shell and eggshell membrane, pretreatment and conversion routes, resulting material properties, and applications in food, biomedical, environmental, agricultural, and industrial systems. Eggshells predominantly consist of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), whereas the membrane contains collagenous proteins, glycosaminoglycan, and other matrix proteins. Cleaning, heat treatment, grinding, calcination, sol–gel conversion, mechanochemical synthesis, microwave‐assisted processing, and microbial bioprocessing can produce eggshell powder, CaO, calcium phosphate bioceramics, adsorbents, catalysts, and composite fillers with application‐dependent properties. Evidence supports calcium fortification with appropriately processed eggshells, experimental use of eggshell‐derived hydroxyapatite and β‐tricalcium phosphate in scaffolds or drug delivery systems, and applications in adsorption, catalysis, mineral fillers, and soil amendment. However, most routes remain at the laboratory or pilot scale, and the environmental superiority of green processes is rarely established by life cycle assessment. Feedstock variability, sanitation, process standardization, energy and chemical demand, regulatory classification, clinical validation, and consumer acceptance remain major barriers. By linking composition, processing, material performance, evidence maturity, and translation requirements, this review identifies priorities for safe and scalable eggshell waste valorization.
SN  - 2048-7177
ER  -