Effects of Body-Mass-Scaled Protein and Leucine Supplementation on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Blood Markers During Weight Loss in Older Men—A Randomized Controlled Trial
- 1Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
- 2Science of Learning in Education Centre, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
- 3Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-2425, USA
Abstract
Background: Overweight and obesity are burgeoning health epidemics. Diets including alternate-day fasting (ADF) promote weight loss but risk significant muscle loss, posing health implications to seniors at risk of sarcopenia. Leucine, the key muscle protein synthesis (MPS) driver, effectively stimulates MPS with lower calorie intake than protein. However, the effects of body-mass-scaled protein and leucine intakes are unclear. Objectives: To evaluate body-mass-scaled leucine or protein supplementation on body composition, sarcopenic, and cardiometabolic markers in older men during ADF. Methods: Sixty-one older men (BMI ≥ 23.0 kg/m2) underwent 28 days of ADF, randomized across three calorie-matched supplement groups: Control (C: 0.0 g/kg protein, 0.0 g/kg leucine), Leucine (L: 0.0 g/kg protein, 0.08 g/kg leucine), or Protein (P: 0.4 g/kg protein, 0.04 g/kg leucine), consuming three doses on feeding days and one on fasting days. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, sarcopenic metrics, and blood markers (blood pressure, lipid panels, diabetic profiles) were measured. Results: There were no significant interactions (p > 0.05) in body composition, sarcopenic or health outcomes, except for diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.016) and HDL cholesterol (p = 0.013). There were significant main effects of time (p ≤ 0.05) with reductions in all body composition measures (excluding bone mineral density, p = 0.274), systolic blood pressure and lipid profiles (total and LDL cholesterol, total/HDL cholesterol ratio, triglycerides), and improvements in all muscle strength and functional sarcopenic outcomes. Conclusions: Dietary interventions alone that increase leucine and/or protein intake did not result in additional measurable improvements during this four-week intervention on body composition, sarcopenic, and cardiometabolic outcomes during weight loss.
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BibTeX
@article{pang2026effects,
title = {{Effects of Body-Mass-Scaled Protein and Leucine Supplementation on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Blood Markers During Weight Loss in Older Men—A Randomized Controlled Trial}},
author = {Benedict Wei Jun Pang and Yifan Yang and Bobby Kyungbeom Cheon},
journal = {Nutrients},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/nu18193255},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13666720},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Effects of Body-Mass-Scaled Protein and Leucine Supplementation on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Blood Markers During Weight Loss in Older Men—A Randomized Controlled Trial
AU - Benedict Wei Jun Pang
AU - Yifan Yang
AU - Bobby Kyungbeom Cheon
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/01
JO - Nutrients
DO - 10.3390/nu18193255
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13666720
AB - Background: Overweight and obesity are burgeoning health epidemics. Diets including alternate-day fasting (ADF) promote weight loss but risk significant muscle loss, posing health implications to seniors at risk of sarcopenia. Leucine, the key muscle protein synthesis (MPS) driver, effectively stimulates MPS with lower calorie intake than protein. However, the effects of body-mass-scaled protein and leucine intakes are unclear. Objectives: To evaluate body-mass-scaled leucine or protein supplementation on body composition, sarcopenic, and cardiometabolic markers in older men during ADF. Methods: Sixty-one older men (BMI ≥ 23.0 kg/m2) underwent 28 days of ADF, randomized across three calorie-matched supplement groups: Control (C: 0.0 g/kg protein, 0.0 g/kg leucine), Leucine (L: 0.0 g/kg protein, 0.08 g/kg leucine), or Protein (P: 0.4 g/kg protein, 0.04 g/kg leucine), consuming three doses on feeding days and one on fasting days. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, sarcopenic metrics, and blood markers (blood pressure, lipid panels, diabetic profiles) were measured. Results: There were no significant interactions (p > 0.05) in body composition, sarcopenic or health outcomes, except for diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.016) and HDL cholesterol (p = 0.013). There were significant main effects of time (p ≤ 0.05) with reductions in all body composition measures (excluding bone mineral density, p = 0.274), systolic blood pressure and lipid profiles (total and LDL cholesterol, total/HDL cholesterol ratio, triglycerides), and improvements in all muscle strength and functional sarcopenic outcomes. Conclusions: Dietary interventions alone that increase leucine and/or protein intake did not result in additional measurable improvements during this four-week intervention on body composition, sarcopenic, and cardiometabolic outcomes during weight loss.
SN - 2072-6643
ER -