THE PROBOSCIS SENSORY INDEX PREDICTS VECTOR ANTHROPOPHILY AND HOST SELECTION IN NORTHERN NIGERIA
- 1University of Maiduguri
Abstract
BackgroundUnexplained spatial heterogeneity in field-observed Human Blood Index (HBI) hinders vector-borne disease control. We synthesized micro-morphological sensory structure densities across primary disease vectors to formulate a novel Proboscis Sensory Index (PSI) from micro-morphological sensory structure densities to evaluate its capacity to predict vector anthropophily, zooprophylactic modulation, and spatial transmission risk across Northern Nigeria.
MethodsA systematic review of 42 studies (N = 18,647 blood-fed mosquitoes across 126 georeferenced sites, 2005-2025) synthesized baseline species-specific PSI metrics from electron microscopy sensilla counts. A multi-variable binomial Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) evaluated interactions between PSI, livestock, human density, and environmental covariates. Predictive accuracy was validated against field-derived Entomological Inoculation Rates (EIR) and historical outbreak records.
ResultsThe overall pooled HBI was 0.642 (95% CI: 0.588 - 0.694), exhibiting significant variation across the Sudan (0.728), Guinea (0.615), and Sahel (0.584) savannas. Species-specific PSI values graded from Anopheles gambiae s.s. (8.91 {+/-} 0.34), Anopheles funestus (8.12 {+/-} 0.38), and Anopheles arabiensis (7.68 {+/-} 0.41) to Culex quinquefasciatus (4.87 {+/-} 0.52). In GLMM analysis, PSI was the strongest predictor of anthropophily ({beta} = 0.89, aOR = 2.44, 95% CI: 2.32 - 2.56, p < 0.001), with fixed effects explaining 78% of total field variance (Marginal R2 = 0.78). High-PSI species maintained elevated anthropophily regardless of livestock availability, whereas low-PSI species displayed steep zooprophylactic diversion ({Delta}HBI = -0.71, p < 0.001) under high cattle density. Incorporating PSI reduced localized EIR prediction error by 64.2% (RMSE = 15.0 vs. 41.8 infective bites/person/month), and high-resolution (1 km2) predictive mapping correctly identified 87.1% (27/31) of historically documented outbreak Local Government Areas.
ConclusionMicro-sensory organ density dictates vector host preference and livestock-mediated zooprophylactic potential. Integrating PSI into spatial models resolves localized transmission heterogeneity, guiding targeted vector control prioritizing indoor residual spraying and dual-ingredient nets in high-PSI foci, while leveraging endectocides and larval management in low-PSI pastoral corridors.
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BibTeX
@misc{njapdze2026proboscis,
title = {{THE PROBOSCIS SENSORY INDEX PREDICTS VECTOR ANTHROPOPHILY AND HOST SELECTION IN NORTHERN NIGERIA}},
author = {R. K. Njapdze and I. B. Ekerette},
howpublished = {medRxiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.64898/2026.09.07.26362427},
url = {https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.07.26362427v1},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - THE PROBOSCIS SENSORY INDEX PREDICTS VECTOR ANTHROPOPHILY AND HOST SELECTION IN NORTHERN NIGERIA
AU - R. K. Njapdze
AU - I. B. Ekerette
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/07
PB - medRxiv
DO - 10.64898/2026.09.07.26362427
UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.07.26362427v1
AB - BackgroundUnexplained spatial heterogeneity in field-observed Human Blood Index (HBI) hinders vector-borne disease control. We synthesized micro-morphological sensory structure densities across primary disease vectors to formulate a novel Proboscis Sensory Index (PSI) from micro-morphological sensory structure densities to evaluate its capacity to predict vector anthropophily, zooprophylactic modulation, and spatial transmission risk across Northern Nigeria. MethodsA systematic review of 42 studies (N = 18,647 blood-fed mosquitoes across 126 georeferenced sites, 2005-2025) synthesized baseline species-specific PSI metrics from electron microscopy sensilla counts. A multi-variable binomial Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) evaluated interactions between PSI, livestock, human density, and environmental covariates. Predictive accuracy was validated against field-derived Entomological Inoculation Rates (EIR) and historical outbreak records. ResultsThe overall pooled HBI was 0.642 (95% CI: 0.588 - 0.694), exhibiting significant variation across the Sudan (0.728), Guinea (0.615), and Sahel (0.584) savannas. Species-specific PSI values graded from Anopheles gambiae s.s. (8.91 {+/-} 0.34), Anopheles funestus (8.12 {+/-} 0.38), and Anopheles arabiensis (7.68 {+/-} 0.41) to Culex quinquefasciatus (4.87 {+/-} 0.52). In GLMM analysis, PSI was the strongest predictor of anthropophily ({beta} = 0.89, aOR = 2.44, 95% CI: 2.32 - 2.56, p < 0.001), with fixed effects explaining 78% of total field variance (Marginal R2 = 0.78). High-PSI species maintained elevated anthropophily regardless of livestock availability, whereas low-PSI species displayed steep zooprophylactic diversion ({Delta}HBI = -0.71, p < 0.001) under high cattle density. Incorporating PSI reduced localized EIR prediction error by 64.2% (RMSE = 15.0 vs. 41.8 infective bites/person/month), and high-resolution (1 km2) predictive mapping correctly identified 87.1% (27/31) of historically documented outbreak Local Government Areas. ConclusionMicro-sensory organ density dictates vector host preference and livestock-mediated zooprophylactic potential. Integrating PSI into spatial models resolves localized transmission heterogeneity, guiding targeted vector control prioritizing indoor residual spraying and dual-ingredient nets in high-PSI foci, while leveraging endectocides and larval management in low-PSI pastoral corridors.
ER -