Dual antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory efficacy of cetylpyridinium–cromolyn ion-pair nanoparticles delivered via modified gelatin
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES Bidholi, via Prem Nagar Dehradun-248007 Uttarakhand India
- 2Inflammation Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science, Parul Institute of Applied Science, Parul University Vadodara Gujarat India
- 3Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Technology, Parul University Vadodara Gujarat India
Abstract
This study investigated hydrophobic ion pairing between cromolyn sodium (CS) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), followed by transformation of the resulting CPC–CS complex into nanocarriers using ferulic acid-grafted gelatin (FG) and cinnamic acid-grafted gelatin (CAG) for prolonged drug delivery. The CPC–CS complex was prepared at a 1 : 2 molar ratio and characterized using PXRD, FTIR, 1H NMR, polarized light microscopy, and SEM. The resulting FG/CPC–CS and CAG/CPC–CS formulations were evaluated for particle size, drug loading, entrapment efficiency, rheology, drug release, membrane permeation, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity. Analytical studies confirmed the formation of a stoichiometric ion pair between the carboxylate groups of CS and pyridinium cations of CPC. FG/CPC–CS and CAG/CPC–CS showed mean hydrodynamic diameters of 301 ± 12 and 237 ± 14 nm, respectively. FG/CPC–CS exhibited higher entrapment efficiency and drug loading than CAG/CPC–CS. Both formulations demonstrated shear-thinning and thixotropic behavior. After 24 h, cumulative drug release was 89.6 ± 0.9% for FG/CPC–CS and 80.8 ± 0.8% for CAG/CPC–CS. FG/CPC–CS also showed greater membrane permeation. Both formulations reduced PMA-induced reactive oxygen species and exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Aromatic acid-grafted gelatin nanocarriers successfully incorporated the CPC–CS complex and provided sustained drug release, favorable rheological properties, enhanced membrane transport, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial performance. The FG-based formulation showed superior entrapment, release, and permeation, indicating its potential as a prolonged topical delivery platform for cromolyn-based ion-pair systems.
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BibTeX
@article{dobriyal2026dual,
title = {{Dual antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory efficacy of cetylpyridinium–cromolyn ion-pair nanoparticles delivered via modified gelatin}},
author = {Sukirti Dobriyal and Sarvjeet Das and Juhi Saxena and Anupam Jyoti and Prashant Shukla},
journal = {RSC Advances},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.1039/d6ra07879f},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra07879f},
note = {CC BY 3.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Dual antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory efficacy of cetylpyridinium–cromolyn ion-pair nanoparticles delivered via modified gelatin
AU - Sukirti Dobriyal
AU - Sarvjeet Das
AU - Juhi Saxena
AU - Anupam Jyoti
AU - Prashant Shukla
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/04
JO - RSC Advances
DO - 10.1039/d6ra07879f
UR - https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra07879f
AB - This study investigated hydrophobic ion pairing between cromolyn sodium (CS) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), followed by transformation of the resulting CPC–CS complex into nanocarriers using ferulic acid-grafted gelatin (FG) and cinnamic acid-grafted gelatin (CAG) for prolonged drug delivery. The CPC–CS complex was prepared at a 1 : 2 molar ratio and characterized using PXRD, FTIR, 1H NMR, polarized light microscopy, and SEM. The resulting FG/CPC–CS and CAG/CPC–CS formulations were evaluated for particle size, drug loading, entrapment efficiency, rheology, drug release, membrane permeation, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity. Analytical studies confirmed the formation of a stoichiometric ion pair between the carboxylate groups of CS and pyridinium cations of CPC. FG/CPC–CS and CAG/CPC–CS showed mean hydrodynamic diameters of 301 ± 12 and 237 ± 14 nm, respectively. FG/CPC–CS exhibited higher entrapment efficiency and drug loading than CAG/CPC–CS. Both formulations demonstrated shear-thinning and thixotropic behavior. After 24 h, cumulative drug release was 89.6 ± 0.9% for FG/CPC–CS and 80.8 ± 0.8% for CAG/CPC–CS. FG/CPC–CS also showed greater membrane permeation. Both formulations reduced PMA-induced reactive oxygen species and exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Aromatic acid-grafted gelatin nanocarriers successfully incorporated the CPC–CS complex and provided sustained drug release, favorable rheological properties, enhanced membrane transport, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial performance. The FG-based formulation showed superior entrapment, release, and permeation, indicating its potential as a prolonged topical delivery platform for cromolyn-based ion-pair systems.
SN - 2046-2069
ER -