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Peer-reviewedCC BYMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Different Organs of Pistacia falcata

  • Ammar Bader1
  • Bashaer Alsharif2
  • Katia Scortecci3
  • Guido Flamini4
  • Fabio Boylan5
  • Sinéad C. Corr6
6 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
  2. 2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
  3. 3Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Brazil
  4. 4Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
  5. 5School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
  6. 6School of Microbiology/APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
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Abstract

Pistacia falcata Becc. ex Martelli (Anacardiaceae) is a medicinal species distributed across parts of the Middle East and Africa. This study characterized the essential oils from different organs of P. falcata and evaluated their antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. Essential oils from leaves, roots, inflorescences and fruiting inflorescences were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC–MS. The essential oils were dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons, mainly α-pinene (15.9–80.4%), myrcene (1.3–45.1%), (Z)-β-ocimene (0–14.3%), and α-phellandrene (0.40–19.7%). Bornyl acetate was the principal oxygenated monoterpene (up to 4.8%). Among sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, bicyclogermacrene (up to 2.4%) and germacrene D (up to 2.1%) were the most abundant, whereas oxygenated sesquiterpenes were represented mainly by (E)-nerolidol (0.1–7.1%). The diterpenes m-camphorene and p-camphorene were detected only in the leaves essential oil. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 6571, Escherichia coli MG1655, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. The inflorescence and fruiting-inflorescence oils showed the greatest activity against S. aureus (MIC and MBC = 5.3 mg/mL), whereas the leaf oil was less active (MIC and MBC = 10 mg/mL), and the root oil was inactive at the highest concentration tested (MIC > 20 mg/mL). No inhibition was detected against E. coli or P. aeruginosa, although changes in P. aeruginosa pigmentation were observed at 5.3–10 mg/mL. Growth-kinetics assays confirmed sustained inhibition of S. aureus by the inflorescence oil at 5.3 mg/mL over 24 h. In contrast, the oils did not significantly inhibit P. aeruginosa biofilm formation. These findings provide the first chemical profile of P. falcata essential oils and indicate activity varied among oils obtained from different organs, mainly against Gram-positive bacteria.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{bader2026chemical,
  title = {{Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Different Organs of Pistacia falcata}},
  author = {Ammar Bader and Bashaer Alsharif and Katia Scortecci and Guido Flamini and Fabio Boylan and Sinéad C. Corr},
  journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/molecules31193487},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13666642},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Different Organs of Pistacia falcata
AU  - Ammar Bader
AU  - Bashaer Alsharif
AU  - Katia Scortecci
AU  - Guido Flamini
AU  - Fabio Boylan
AU  - Sinéad C. Corr
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/01
JO  - Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
DO  - 10.3390/molecules31193487
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13666642
AB  - Pistacia falcata Becc. ex Martelli (Anacardiaceae) is a medicinal species distributed across parts of the Middle East and Africa. This study characterized the essential oils from different organs of P. falcata and evaluated their antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. Essential oils from leaves, roots, inflorescences and fruiting inflorescences were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC–MS. The essential oils were dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons, mainly α-pinene (15.9–80.4%), myrcene (1.3–45.1%), (Z)-β-ocimene (0–14.3%), and α-phellandrene (0.40–19.7%). Bornyl acetate was the principal oxygenated monoterpene (up to 4.8%). Among sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, bicyclogermacrene (up to 2.4%) and germacrene D (up to 2.1%) were the most abundant, whereas oxygenated sesquiterpenes were represented mainly by (E)-nerolidol (0.1–7.1%). The diterpenes m-camphorene and p-camphorene were detected only in the leaves essential oil. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 6571, Escherichia coli MG1655, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. The inflorescence and fruiting-inflorescence oils showed the greatest activity against S. aureus (MIC and MBC = 5.3 mg/mL), whereas the leaf oil was less active (MIC and MBC = 10 mg/mL), and the root oil was inactive at the highest concentration tested (MIC > 20 mg/mL). No inhibition was detected against E. coli or P. aeruginosa, although changes in P. aeruginosa pigmentation were observed at 5.3–10 mg/mL. Growth-kinetics assays confirmed sustained inhibition of S. aureus by the inflorescence oil at 5.3 mg/mL over 24 h. In contrast, the oils did not significantly inhibit P. aeruginosa biofilm formation. These findings provide the first chemical profile of P. falcata essential oils and indicate activity varied among oils obtained from different organs, mainly against Gram-positive bacteria.
SN  - 1420-3049
ER  -