Multi-Dimensional Benchmarking of Liquid Chromatographic Methods for Parabens Determination in Cosmetic Products: Toward Sustainable Analysis
4 affiliations
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Faisal Road, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
- 2College of Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
- 3Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- 4Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Baha University, P.O. Box 1988, Al-Baha 65431, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Consumer safety is an important consideration in the use of cosmetic and personal care products, particularly because individuals may be exposed to multiple products concurrently, increasing potential exposure to preservatives such as parabens. Reliable analytical methods are therefore essential for monitoring parabens in cosmetic products. In line with the principles of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC), analytical method development and selection should also consider environmental impact, resource consumption, waste generation, and occupational safety. This study aimed to benchmark liquid chromatographic methods for paraben determination in cosmetic products using a multi-metric approach, with emphasis on greenness, practicality, and innovation to support more sustainable analytical method selection. Methods: Sixteen chromatographic methods for the determination of parabens in cosmetic products were selected after screening the retrieved records and evaluated using complementary assessment tools, including the Modified Green Analytical Procedure Index (MoGAPI), Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI), and Innovative Method Orange Gradient Index (IMOGI), covering greenness, practical applicability, and analytical innovation, respectively. Results: The selected methods showed MoGAPI scores of 62–74, BAGI scores of 55–80, and IMOGI scores of 10–50, indicating substantial differences across the evaluated dimensions. The methods showed different profiles across greenness, practical applicability, and innovation, with favorable results in one dimension not necessarily corresponding to favorable results in the others. The multi-metric assessment revealed differences and potential trade-offs among these three dimensions that may remain unrecognized when methods are evaluated using a single assessment tool. Conclusions: The benchmarking highlighted the key driving factors influencing the greenness, practical applicability, and innovation profiles of the evaluated methods. The multi-metric assessment provides a broader basis for context-dependent analytical method selection and advancing more sustainable analytical practices, promoting responsible resource use and alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
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BibTeX
@article{alqarni2026multidimensional,
title = {{Multi-Dimensional Benchmarking of Liquid Chromatographic Methods for Parabens Determination in Cosmetic Products: Toward Sustainable Analysis}},
author = {Abdulmalik M. Alqarni and Heba Shaaban and Ahmed Mostafa and Shmoukh A. Albugami and Noor Bunajmah and Turki Aldossary and Ghada Alsumain and Mohammed Alqarni and Abdulateef Alqahtani},
journal = {Molecules},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/molecules31213828},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/21/3828},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Multi-Dimensional Benchmarking of Liquid Chromatographic Methods for Parabens Determination in Cosmetic Products: Toward Sustainable Analysis
AU - Abdulmalik M. Alqarni
AU - Heba Shaaban
AU - Ahmed Mostafa
AU - Shmoukh A. Albugami
AU - Noor Bunajmah
AU - Turki Aldossary
AU - Ghada Alsumain
AU - Mohammed Alqarni
AU - Abdulateef Alqahtani
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/23
JO - Molecules
DO - 10.3390/molecules31213828
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/21/3828
AB - Background/Objectives: Consumer safety is an important consideration in the use of cosmetic and personal care products, particularly because individuals may be exposed to multiple products concurrently, increasing potential exposure to preservatives such as parabens. Reliable analytical methods are therefore essential for monitoring parabens in cosmetic products. In line with the principles of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC), analytical method development and selection should also consider environmental impact, resource consumption, waste generation, and occupational safety. This study aimed to benchmark liquid chromatographic methods for paraben determination in cosmetic products using a multi-metric approach, with emphasis on greenness, practicality, and innovation to support more sustainable analytical method selection. Methods: Sixteen chromatographic methods for the determination of parabens in cosmetic products were selected after screening the retrieved records and evaluated using complementary assessment tools, including the Modified Green Analytical Procedure Index (MoGAPI), Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI), and Innovative Method Orange Gradient Index (IMOGI), covering greenness, practical applicability, and analytical innovation, respectively. Results: The selected methods showed MoGAPI scores of 62–74, BAGI scores of 55–80, and IMOGI scores of 10–50, indicating substantial differences across the evaluated dimensions. The methods showed different profiles across greenness, practical applicability, and innovation, with favorable results in one dimension not necessarily corresponding to favorable results in the others. The multi-metric assessment revealed differences and potential trade-offs among these three dimensions that may remain unrecognized when methods are evaluated using a single assessment tool. Conclusions: The benchmarking highlighted the key driving factors influencing the greenness, practical applicability, and innovation profiles of the evaluated methods. The multi-metric assessment provides a broader basis for context-dependent analytical method selection and advancing more sustainable analytical practices, promoting responsible resource use and alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
SN - 1420-3049
ER -