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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Physiologia Plantarum

Hormonal Crosstalk Redefines Iron Deficiency Morphophysiological Responses: Insights From Tomato Auxin‐ and Ethylene‐Related Double Mutants

  • Carolina Cristina Monteiro1
  • Alexandre Virgínio de Melo2
  • Evilásio Anísio Costa Filho3
  • Ricardo Antunes Azevedo4
  • Tiago Tezotto5
  • Renato de Mello Prado6
  • Marina Alves Gavassi7
  • Frederico Rocha Rodrigues Alves2
  • Priscila Lupino Gratão1
  • Rogério Falleiros Carvalho1
7 affiliations
  1. 1School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Biology São Paulo State University (UNESP) Jaboticabal SP Brazil
  2. 2Center of Exact and Natural Sciences, Department of Systematics and Ecology, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Evolution Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) João Pessoa PB Brazil
  3. 3Laboratory for Evaluation and Development of Biomaterials of the Northeast (CERTBIO) Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG) Campina Grande PB Brazil
  4. 4Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Department of Genetics University of São Paulo (USP) Piracicaba SP Brazil
  5. 5Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Department of Soil Science University of São Paulo (USP) Piracicaba SP Brazil
  6. 6School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Soil Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) Jaboticabal SP Brazil
  7. 7School of Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Bauru SP Brazil
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Abstract

Plants have evolved complex strategies for iron (Fe) acquisition, yet the coordination of underlying hormonal mechanisms remains elusive. This study investigated how auxin and ethylene signaling interact to regulate Fe‐deficiency responses using single (auxin‐insensitive diageotropica, dgt, ethylene‐insensitive Never ripe, Nr, ethylene‐overproducer epinastic, epi) and double (dgt/Nr, dgt/epi) hormonal mutants of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro‐Tom). We analyzed growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzyme activities, nutrient profiles, and the expression of Fe acquisition genes. Results revealed that ethylene strongly contributes to the transcriptional regulation of key Fe acquisition genes, as epi and dgt/epi mutants exhibited strong upregulation of these genes under Fe deficiency, indicating that enhanced ethylene biosynthesis up‐regulates Fe acquisition genes even with impaired auxin sensitivity. Conversely, root and shoot development were primarily constrained by auxin sensitivity. The dgt allele showed clear dominance over Nr and epi, as all dgt‐harboring genotypes displayed significantly reduced root systems and leaf area regardless of Fe availability. Furthermore, Fe deficiency decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, increasing oxidative stress and altering mineral distribution, notably through enhanced Mn accumulation in leaves and Cu in roots. Our findings demonstrate that while ethylene is a central regulator of the Fe‐deficiency transcriptional response, auxin sets the structural framework for root adaptation.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{monteiro2026hormonal,
  title = {{Hormonal Crosstalk Redefines Iron Deficiency Morphophysiological Responses: Insights From Tomato Auxin‐ and Ethylene‐Related Double Mutants}},
  author = {Carolina Cristina Monteiro and Alexandre Virgínio de Melo and Evilásio Anísio Costa Filho and Ricardo Antunes Azevedo and Tiago Tezotto and Renato de Mello Prado and Marina Alves Gavassi and Frederico Rocha Rodrigues Alves and Priscila Lupino Gratão and Rogério Falleiros Carvalho},
  journal = {Physiologia Plantarum},
  year = {2026},
  month = nov,
  doi = {10.1111/ppl.71181},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.71181},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Hormonal Crosstalk Redefines Iron Deficiency Morphophysiological Responses: Insights From Tomato Auxin‐ and Ethylene‐Related Double Mutants
AU  - Carolina Cristina Monteiro
AU  - Alexandre Virgínio de Melo
AU  - Evilásio Anísio Costa Filho
AU  - Ricardo Antunes Azevedo
AU  - Tiago Tezotto
AU  - Renato de Mello Prado
AU  - Marina Alves Gavassi
AU  - Frederico Rocha Rodrigues Alves
AU  - Priscila Lupino Gratão
AU  - Rogério Falleiros Carvalho
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/11/06
JO  - Physiologia Plantarum
DO  - 10.1111/ppl.71181
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.71181
AB  - Plants have evolved complex strategies for iron (Fe) acquisition, yet the coordination of underlying hormonal mechanisms remains elusive. This study investigated how auxin and ethylene signaling interact to regulate Fe‐deficiency responses using single (auxin‐insensitive diageotropica, dgt, ethylene‐insensitive Never ripe, Nr, ethylene‐overproducer epinastic, epi) and double (dgt/Nr, dgt/epi) hormonal mutants of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro‐Tom). We analyzed growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzyme activities, nutrient profiles, and the expression of Fe acquisition genes. Results revealed that ethylene strongly contributes to the transcriptional regulation of key Fe acquisition genes, as epi and dgt/epi mutants exhibited strong upregulation of these genes under Fe deficiency, indicating that enhanced ethylene biosynthesis up‐regulates Fe acquisition genes even with impaired auxin sensitivity. Conversely, root and shoot development were primarily constrained by auxin sensitivity. The dgt allele showed clear dominance over Nr and epi, as all dgt‐harboring genotypes displayed significantly reduced root systems and leaf area regardless of Fe availability. Furthermore, Fe deficiency decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, increasing oxidative stress and altering mineral distribution, notably through enhanced Mn accumulation in leaves and Cu in roots. Our findings demonstrate that while ethylene is a central regulator of the Fe‐deficiency transcriptional response, auxin sets the structural framework for root adaptation.
SN  - 0031-9317
SN  - 1399-3054
ER  -