Unlocking delafloxacin fluorescence with 9-fluorenyl methyl chloroformate: A sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for pharmaceutical and plasma analysis with greenness and whiteness assessment
7 affiliations
- 1Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Menoufia 32511 Egypt
- 2Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia National University, 70 km Cairo-Alexandria agricultural road, Menoufia, Egypt
- 3Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura National University, Gamasa, 7731168 Egypt
- 4Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33511 Egypt
- 5Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah City, Saudi Arabia
- 6Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- 7Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, El-Saleheya El Gadida University, El-Saleheya El-Gadida City, Egypt
Abstract
Background: A highly sensitive spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of delafloxacin based on fluorescence derivatization with 9-fluorenyl methyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl). The derivatization reaction was performed at room temperature in borate buffer (pH 8.0), producing a strongly fluorescent derivative suitable for sensitive quantitative analysis.
Results: The formed fluorescent derivative exhibited maximum excitation and emission wavelengths at 264 and 314 nm, respectively. We systematically investigated and optimized experimental parameters affecting the derivatization reaction and fluorescence response. The proposed method showed good linearity over the concentration range of 5.0–100.0 ng mL⁻¹, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9994. The limits of detection and quantification were 1.25 and 3.81 ng mL⁻¹, respectively. The method demonstrated satisfactory accuracy and precision, with a mean recovery of 101.43% ± 0.64. The applicability of the method was successfully confirmed through the determination of delafloxacin in pharmaceutical preparations and spiked human plasma samples. Statistical comparison with a reported reference method showed no significant difference between the results. The environmental performance of the proposed method was additionally assessed using the Carbon Footprint Reduction Index (CaFRI) and White Analytical Chemistry Evaluation (WECA), demonstrating favorable analytical and environmental characteristics.
Conclusions: The proposed fluorescence derivatization method provides a sensitive, precise, and accurate approach for determining delafloxacin in pharmaceutical and spiked plasma. Its favorable analytical performance and environmental assessment support its potential application in routine pharmaceutical quality control and bioanalytical investigations.
Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-026-01951-6.
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BibTeX
@article{batakoushy2026unlocking,
title = {{Unlocking delafloxacin fluorescence with 9-fluorenyl methyl chloroformate: A sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for pharmaceutical and plasma analysis with greenness and whiteness assessment}},
author = {Hany A. Batakoushy and Galal Magdy and Anmar Anwar Khan and Rehab H. Elattar and Mai A. El-Didamoony},
journal = {BMC Chemistry},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1186/s13065-026-01951-6},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-026-01951-6},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Unlocking delafloxacin fluorescence with 9-fluorenyl methyl chloroformate: A sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for pharmaceutical and plasma analysis with greenness and whiteness assessment
AU - Hany A. Batakoushy
AU - Galal Magdy
AU - Anmar Anwar Khan
AU - Rehab H. Elattar
AU - Mai A. El-Didamoony
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/28
JO - BMC Chemistry
DO - 10.1186/s13065-026-01951-6
UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-026-01951-6
AB - Background: A highly sensitive spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of delafloxacin based on fluorescence derivatization with 9-fluorenyl methyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl). The derivatization reaction was performed at room temperature in borate buffer (pH 8.0), producing a strongly fluorescent derivative suitable for sensitive quantitative analysis. Results: The formed fluorescent derivative exhibited maximum excitation and emission wavelengths at 264 and 314 nm, respectively. We systematically investigated and optimized experimental parameters affecting the derivatization reaction and fluorescence response. The proposed method showed good linearity over the concentration range of 5.0–100.0 ng mL⁻¹, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9994. The limits of detection and quantification were 1.25 and 3.81 ng mL⁻¹, respectively. The method demonstrated satisfactory accuracy and precision, with a mean recovery of 101.43% ± 0.64. The applicability of the method was successfully confirmed through the determination of delafloxacin in pharmaceutical preparations and spiked human plasma samples. Statistical comparison with a reported reference method showed no significant difference between the results. The environmental performance of the proposed method was additionally assessed using the Carbon Footprint Reduction Index (CaFRI) and White Analytical Chemistry Evaluation (WECA), demonstrating favorable analytical and environmental characteristics. Conclusions: The proposed fluorescence derivatization method provides a sensitive, precise, and accurate approach for determining delafloxacin in pharmaceutical and spiked plasma. Its favorable analytical performance and environmental assessment support its potential application in routine pharmaceutical quality control and bioanalytical investigations. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-026-01951-6.
SN - 2661-801X
ER -