Nearly ninety percent of Indonesian coffee area is classified as deforestation-free under the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR)
4 affiliations
- 1National University of Singapore
- 2Independent researcher
- 3Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich
- 4Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Lampung
Abstract
Indonesia is the third-largest coffee producer globally and exports a substantial share of its production to European Union (EU) countries. Recent implementation of the EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), which requires deforestation-free supply chains, highlights the need for spatially-explicit coffee mapping to support the assessment of coffee-associated deforestation. In this study, we utilized multitemporal and multi-sensor remote sensing to produce annual maps of coffee distribution from 2016 to 2024. We analyzed the spatial patterns of annual coffee distribution during this period, and evaluated the potential implications of EUDR for coffee production in Indonesia. Our maps of coffee agroecosystems demonstrate an overall classification accuracy exceeding 80%, and are broadly consistent with independent coffee datasets (i.e. national statistics and coffee probability maps from the Forest Data Partnership). We detected a net increase of ∼16% in coffee area over the eight-year period, although the patterns of change vary across provinces. Based on these findings, we estimate that 87.9% of the mapped coffee area in 2024 meets the EUDR deforestation-free criterion, and only a relatively small proportion of agroecosystems are classified as non-deforestation-free. These findings highlight opportunities for spatially targeted EUDR implementation, where deforestation-free coffee agroecosystems can be supported towards meeting broader EUDR requirements, while areas associated with forest conversion can be supported towards other pathways, such as sustainable agricultural practices, restoration, and forest conservation.
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BibTeX
@article{satriawan2026nearly,
title = {{Nearly ninety percent of Indonesian coffee area is classified as deforestation-free under the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR)}},
author = {Tin W Satriawan and Xiangzhong Luo and Shafira Nur Ramdhania and Agustín Escobar-López and Anggun Tridawati},
journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/aeb1e2},
url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aeb1e2},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Nearly ninety percent of Indonesian coffee area is classified as deforestation-free under the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR)
AU - Tin W Satriawan
AU - Xiangzhong Luo
AU - Shafira Nur Ramdhania
AU - Agustín Escobar-López
AU - Anggun Tridawati
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/20
JO - Environmental Research Letters
DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/aeb1e2
UR - https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aeb1e2
AB - Indonesia is the third-largest coffee producer globally and exports a substantial share of its production to European Union (EU) countries. Recent implementation of the EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), which requires deforestation-free supply chains, highlights the need for spatially-explicit coffee mapping to support the assessment of coffee-associated deforestation. In this study, we utilized multitemporal and multi-sensor remote sensing to produce annual maps of coffee distribution from 2016 to 2024. We analyzed the spatial patterns of annual coffee distribution during this period, and evaluated the potential implications of EUDR for coffee production in Indonesia. Our maps of coffee agroecosystems demonstrate an overall classification accuracy exceeding 80%, and are broadly consistent with independent coffee datasets (i.e. national statistics and coffee probability maps from the Forest Data Partnership). We detected a net increase of ∼16% in coffee area over the eight-year period, although the patterns of change vary across provinces. Based on these findings, we estimate that 87.9% of the mapped coffee area in 2024 meets the EUDR deforestation-free criterion, and only a relatively small proportion of agroecosystems are classified as non-deforestation-free. These findings highlight opportunities for spatially targeted EUDR implementation, where deforestation-free coffee agroecosystems can be supported towards meeting broader EUDR requirements, while areas associated with forest conversion can be supported towards other pathways, such as sustainable agricultural practices, restoration, and forest conservation.
SN - 1748-9326
ER -