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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Catalysts

Boron-Accelerated Fe3+/Fe2+ Recycling Enhances Periodate Activation for Sulfamethazine Degradation

  • Zhuoyu Bu1
  • Nanhao Xu2
  • Wei Wang3
  • Shang Gao1
  • Yuwei Pan4
4 affiliations
  1. 1Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
  2. 2Hangzhou Environmental Protection & Scientific Research Design Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, China
  3. 3Zhejiang Huanyao Environmental Construction Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, China
  4. 4College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Abstract

Elemental boron, an eco-friendly and cost-effective metalloid reductant, was employed as a reductive co-catalyst to accelerate Fe3+/Fe2+ redox cycling in Fe2+-initiated periodate (PI) activation for sulfamethazine (SMT) degradation. The standalone Fe2+/PI system achieved only 24.1% SMT elimination within 30 min, whereas the constructed B/Fe2+/PI system delivered up to 97.7% removal under an extremely low iron dosage (10 μM Fe2+) and acidic condition (pH 3.0). Radical quenching assays combined with molecular probe identification revealed the co-existence of Fe(IV), •OH, 1O2, O2•−, and IO3•−, with •OH, among which •OH was identified as the dominant oxidant, and its generation was notably amplified by boron. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization demonstrated that surface B-B bonds and low-valent boron moieties act as electron donors to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+, sustaining continuous Fe3+/Fe2+ redox turnover. Eight transformation intermediates were identified by mass spectrometry, based on which plausible degradation pathways for SMT were proposed. The B/Fe2+/PI system exhibited robust tolerance against prevalent inorganic anions, maintained favorable catalytic capability in natural lake water, and preserved stable performance across five successive recycling runs. Accordingly, boron-augmented Fe2+-triggered periodate activation represents a promising low-iron technical paradigm for antibiotic remediation in water environments.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{bu2026boronaccelerated,
  title = {{Boron-Accelerated Fe3+/Fe2+ Recycling Enhances Periodate Activation for Sulfamethazine Degradation}},
  author = {Zhuoyu Bu and Nanhao Xu and Wei Wang and Shang Gao and Yuwei Pan},
  journal = {Catalysts},
  year = {2026},
  month = nov,
  doi = {10.3390/catal16110988},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/16/11/988},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Boron-Accelerated Fe3+/Fe2+ Recycling Enhances Periodate Activation for Sulfamethazine Degradation
AU  - Zhuoyu Bu
AU  - Nanhao Xu
AU  - Wei Wang
AU  - Shang Gao
AU  - Yuwei Pan
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/11/06
JO  - Catalysts
DO  - 10.3390/catal16110988
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/16/11/988
AB  - Elemental boron, an eco-friendly and cost-effective metalloid reductant, was employed as a reductive co-catalyst to accelerate Fe3+/Fe2+ redox cycling in Fe2+-initiated periodate (PI) activation for sulfamethazine (SMT) degradation. The standalone Fe2+/PI system achieved only 24.1% SMT elimination within 30 min, whereas the constructed B/Fe2+/PI system delivered up to 97.7% removal under an extremely low iron dosage (10 μM Fe2+) and acidic condition (pH 3.0). Radical quenching assays combined with molecular probe identification revealed the co-existence of Fe(IV), •OH, 1O2, O2•−, and IO3•−, with •OH, among which •OH was identified as the dominant oxidant, and its generation was notably amplified by boron. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization demonstrated that surface B-B bonds and low-valent boron moieties act as electron donors to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+, sustaining continuous Fe3+/Fe2+ redox turnover. Eight transformation intermediates were identified by mass spectrometry, based on which plausible degradation pathways for SMT were proposed. The B/Fe2+/PI system exhibited robust tolerance against prevalent inorganic anions, maintained favorable catalytic capability in natural lake water, and preserved stable performance across five successive recycling runs. Accordingly, boron-augmented Fe2+-triggered periodate activation represents a promising low-iron technical paradigm for antibiotic remediation in water environments.
SN  - 2073-4344
ER  -