IgE ‐Binding Bacterial Components Not Yet Documented in the Allergen Databases and Their Allergenic Mechanisms: An EAACI Position Paper
Abstract
Among bacteria that are associated with the development and/or exacerbation of allergic/atopic diseases, several have been described to produce IgE‐binding components. However, only one bacterial protein, Bac s 1, is currently listed in the official database of the World Health Organization/International Union of Immunological Societies (WHO/IUIS) Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee. The aim of this position paper was to identify potential bacterial allergens and their reported clinical relevance in the published literature and consider candidates for the Allergen Nomenclature database. PubMed and the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature database were searched up to October 2025. Consensus was obtained during task force meetings and by a written commentary process. Sixty‐six IgE‐binding components in 20 different species of bacteria were found, most associated with clinical symptoms. Allergen candidates include staphylococcal superantigens, bacterial enzymes, and components from two Chlamydia species, some of which are potential marker allergens for disease severity. The results point to long‐neglected evidence of “bacterial allergy” that in certain cases may be induced by unconventional mechanisms. Diseases that are currently considered non‐allergic might be re‐classified as allergic if these IgE‐binding components are recognized as allergens and used for diagnosis in the future.
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BibTeX
@article{jappe2026binding,
title = {{IgE ‐Binding Bacterial Components Not Yet Documented in the Allergen Databases and Their Allergenic Mechanisms: An EAACI Position Paper}},
author = {Uta Jappe and Marua Abu Risha and Ioana Agache and Claus Bachert and Barbara Bröker and Riccardo Castagnoli and Gabriele Gadermaier and Richard Goodman and Amir Guemari and Christiane Hilger and Alain Jacquet and Sabine Kespohl and Ludger Klimek and Annette Kuehn and Jonas Lidholm and Vera Mahler and Markus Ollert and Thomas Platts-Mills and Monika Raulf and Peter Schmid-Grendelmeier and Frieder Schmiedeke and Marianne van Hage and Joana Vitte and Josefina Zakzuk and Anna Pomés},
journal = {Allergy},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.1111/all.70510},
url = {https://univ-reims.hal.science/hal-05759952v1},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - IgE ‐Binding Bacterial Components Not Yet Documented in the Allergen Databases and Their Allergenic Mechanisms: An EAACI Position Paper
AU - Uta Jappe
AU - Marua Abu Risha
AU - Ioana Agache
AU - Claus Bachert
AU - Barbara Bröker
AU - Riccardo Castagnoli
AU - Gabriele Gadermaier
AU - Richard Goodman
AU - Amir Guemari
AU - Christiane Hilger
AU - Alain Jacquet
AU - Sabine Kespohl
AU - Ludger Klimek
AU - Annette Kuehn
AU - Jonas Lidholm
AU - Vera Mahler
AU - Markus Ollert
AU - Thomas Platts-Mills
AU - Monika Raulf
AU - Peter Schmid-Grendelmeier
AU - Frieder Schmiedeke
AU - Marianne van Hage
AU - Joana Vitte
AU - Josefina Zakzuk
AU - Anna Pomés
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/18
JO - Allergy
DO - 10.1111/all.70510
UR - https://univ-reims.hal.science/hal-05759952v1
AB - Among bacteria that are associated with the development and/or exacerbation of allergic/atopic diseases, several have been described to produce IgE‐binding components. However, only one bacterial protein, Bac s 1, is currently listed in the official database of the World Health Organization/International Union of Immunological Societies (WHO/IUIS) Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee. The aim of this position paper was to identify potential bacterial allergens and their reported clinical relevance in the published literature and consider candidates for the Allergen Nomenclature database. PubMed and the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature database were searched up to October 2025. Consensus was obtained during task force meetings and by a written commentary process. Sixty‐six IgE‐binding components in 20 different species of bacteria were found, most associated with clinical symptoms. Allergen candidates include staphylococcal superantigens, bacterial enzymes, and components from two Chlamydia species, some of which are potential marker allergens for disease severity. The results point to long‐neglected evidence of “bacterial allergy” that in certain cases may be induced by unconventional mechanisms. Diseases that are currently considered non‐allergic might be re‐classified as allergic if these IgE‐binding components are recognized as allergens and used for diagnosis in the future.
SN - 0105-4538
SN - 1398-9995
ER -