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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC-ND 4.0Acta Medica Philippina

Factors Influencing the Level of Vitamin D in Lead-exposed Workers in Java, Indonesia

  • Ade Mutiara1,2
  • Muchtaruddin Mansyur3
  • Wawaimuli Arozal4
  • Ninik Sukartini5
  • Nani Cahyani Sudarsono3
  • Diana Sunardi6
  • Aria Kekalih3
  • Dicky L Tahapary7
  • Safarina G. Malik8
  • Muhammad Orri Baskoro9
  • Dini Yuliani9
  • Stephan Boese-O’Reilly10
10 affiliations
  1. 1Doctoral Program in Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  2. 2Medical Faculty, Profession Study Program, Universitas Islam Bandung, Indonesia
  3. 3Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  4. 4Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  5. 5Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia – Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
  6. 6Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia – Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
  7. 7Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia – Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
  8. 8Genome Diversity and Disease Division, Mochtar Riady Institute for Nanotechnology, Banten, Indonesia
  9. 9Indonesia Medical Education and Research Institute (IMERI), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  10. 10Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Abstract

Background: Despite extensive research on vitamin D metabolism and lead toxicity, specific nutritional and occupational health guidelines to prevent vitamin D insufficiency among lead-exposed workers remain lacking. This gap is particularly relevant in tropical regions, where adequate sunlight is often assumed to ensure sufficient vitamin D status. While previous studies have examined the effects of lead on vitamin D and calcium metabolism, the combined influence of sunlight exposure, dietary calcium, and protein intake on vitamin D levels in occupationally exposed populations has not been well characterized.

Objective: This study investigates the crucial role of vitamin D in calcium absorption and bone health, particularly in lead-exposed workers.

Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted in five lead-contaminated areas in Java, Indonesia, with 144 subjects meeting inclusion criteria, explores factors such as BMI, age, vitamin and food intake, and workplace exposure. Characteristics, including age, were obtained through interviews, while a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to assess food and vitamin intake (using the Nutrisurvey 2007 program), and ICP-MS to assess blood lead levels (BLL). Sun exposure was evaluated based on sunlight duration, and chi-square tests were conducted between observed factors and vitamin D levels.

Results: Median BLLs among participants were 6.8 µg/dL (1.1–58.8). Bivariate analysis revealed that sunlight exposure and protein intake were associated inversely with BLLs; however, multivariate analysis showed that vitamin D intake (p = 0.009) and calcium intake (p = 0.051) were found to be significant predictors.

Conclusion: This research highlights the absence of a significant correlation between vitamin D levels and sunlight exposure or protein intake. Notably, it reveals a significant association between vitamin D and calcium intake with vitamin D levels, emphasizing the intricate interplay of factors influencing vitamin D status in lead-exposed workers and underscoring the importance of dietary considerations.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{mutiara2026factors,
  title = {{Factors Influencing the Level of Vitamin D in Lead-exposed Workers in Java, Indonesia}},
  author = {Ade Mutiara and Muchtaruddin Mansyur and Wawaimuli Arozal and Ninik Sukartini and Nani Cahyani Sudarsono and Diana Sunardi and Aria Kekalih and Dicky L Tahapary and Safarina G. Malik and Muhammad Orri Baskoro and Dini Yuliani and Stephan Boese-O’Reilly},
  journal = {Acta Medica Philippina},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.47895/amp.v60i18.10015},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.47895/amp.v60i18.10015},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Factors Influencing the Level of Vitamin D in Lead-exposed Workers in Java, Indonesia
AU  - Ade Mutiara
AU  - Muchtaruddin Mansyur
AU  - Wawaimuli Arozal
AU  - Ninik Sukartini
AU  - Nani Cahyani Sudarsono
AU  - Diana Sunardi
AU  - Aria Kekalih
AU  - Dicky L Tahapary
AU  - Safarina G. Malik
AU  - Muhammad Orri Baskoro
AU  - Dini Yuliani
AU  - Stephan Boese-O’Reilly
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/30
JO  - Acta Medica Philippina
DO  - 10.47895/amp.v60i18.10015
UR  - https://doi.org/10.47895/amp.v60i18.10015
AB  - Background: Despite extensive research on vitamin D metabolism and lead toxicity, specific nutritional and occupational health guidelines to prevent vitamin D insufficiency among lead-exposed workers remain lacking. This gap is particularly relevant in tropical regions, where adequate sunlight is often assumed to ensure sufficient vitamin D status. While previous studies have examined the effects of lead on vitamin D and calcium metabolism, the combined influence of sunlight exposure, dietary calcium, and protein intake on vitamin D levels in occupationally exposed populations has not been well characterized.  Objective: This study investigates the crucial role of vitamin D in calcium absorption and bone health, particularly in lead-exposed workers.  Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted in five lead-contaminated areas in Java, Indonesia, with 144 subjects meeting inclusion criteria, explores factors such as BMI, age, vitamin and food intake, and workplace exposure. Characteristics, including age, were obtained through interviews, while a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to assess food and vitamin intake (using the Nutrisurvey 2007 program), and ICP-MS to assess blood lead levels (BLL). Sun exposure was evaluated based on sunlight duration, and chi-square tests were conducted between observed factors and vitamin D levels.  Results: Median BLLs among participants were 6.8 µg/dL (1.1–58.8). Bivariate analysis revealed that sunlight exposure and protein intake were associated inversely with BLLs; however, multivariate analysis showed that vitamin D intake (p = 0.009) and calcium intake (p = 0.051) were found to be significant predictors.  Conclusion: This research highlights the absence of a significant correlation between vitamin D levels and sunlight exposure or protein intake. Notably, it reveals a significant association between vitamin D and calcium intake with vitamin D levels, emphasizing the intricate interplay of factors influencing vitamin D status in lead-exposed workers and underscoring the importance of dietary considerations.
SN  - 0001-6071
SN  - 2094-9278
ER  -