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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Parasitology

Phylogenetic analysis of zoonotic Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto in humans and domestic animals from Armenia and Türkiye

  • Urmas Saarma1
  • Maris Pärn1
  • Hripsime Atoyan2
  • Teivi Laurimäe1
  • Sami Simsek3
  • Figen Celik3
  • Sargis A. Aghayan4,5
  • Hasmik Gevorgyan5
  • Marion Wassermann6
  • Thomas Romig6
  • Adriano Casulli7,8
  • Liina Anijalg1
8 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  2. 2The American University of Armenia, Gerald and Patricia Turpanjian College of Health Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
  3. 3Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Türkiye
  4. 4Chair of Zoology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
  5. 5Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, Yerevan, Armenia
  6. 6Institute of Biology, Parasitology Unit, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
  7. 7European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites (EURL-P). Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
  8. 8WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis (One Health). Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Abstract

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease of high public health and economic importance. The disease is caused by various tapeworm species belonging to the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato species complex. Among these, E. granulosus sensu stricto (genotypes G1 and G3) is the most common cause of human CE worldwide. The aim of this study was to analyse the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of G1 and G3 isolates from Armenia and Türkiye, where CE has long been recognized as a significant public health concern. A large portion of the mitochondrial genome (11 675 bp) was sequenced for 85 parasite samples: 47 from Türkiye and 38 from Armenia. Samples originated from humans, sheep and cattle. For a global phylogenetic analysis, sequences from previous studies were included, yielding 280 G1 sequences and 55 G3 sequences from various host species and countries worldwide. The main results of this work revealed (i) high genetic diversity of G1 in Armenia and Türkiye; (ii) high genetic diversity of G3 in Armenia, whereas only a few representatives of G3 were detected in Türkiye; (iii) the subdivision of isolates of G1 and G3 from Armenia and Türkiye into several haplogroups; (iv) the dispersion of G1 and G3 haplotypes from Armenia and Türkiye across different haplogroups in global phylogenetic networks; and (v) the diffusion routes of G3 isolates from Türkiye to Armenia, from Iran to Armenia and from Iran to Greece. These findings highlight the importance of mitogenome analysis for monitoring the spread of CE among animals and humans.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{saarma2026phylogenetic,
  title = {{Phylogenetic analysis of zoonotic Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto in humans and domestic animals from Armenia and Türkiye}},
  author = {Urmas Saarma and Maris Pärn and Hripsime Atoyan and Teivi Laurimäe and Sami Simsek and Figen Celik and Sargis A. Aghayan and Hasmik Gevorgyan and Marion Wassermann and Thomas Romig and Adriano Casulli and Liina Anijalg},
  journal = {Parasitology},
  year = {2026},
  month = may,
  doi = {10.1017/s0031182026102170},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1017/s0031182026102170},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Phylogenetic analysis of zoonotic Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto in humans and domestic animals from Armenia and Türkiye
AU  - Urmas Saarma
AU  - Maris Pärn
AU  - Hripsime Atoyan
AU  - Teivi Laurimäe
AU  - Sami Simsek
AU  - Figen Celik
AU  - Sargis A. Aghayan
AU  - Hasmik Gevorgyan
AU  - Marion Wassermann
AU  - Thomas Romig
AU  - Adriano Casulli
AU  - Liina Anijalg
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/05/26
JO  - Parasitology
DO  - 10.1017/s0031182026102170
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1017/s0031182026102170
AB  - Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease of high public health and economic importance. The disease is caused by various tapeworm species belonging to the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato species complex. Among these, E. granulosus sensu stricto (genotypes G1 and G3) is the most common cause of human CE worldwide. The aim of this study was to analyse the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of G1 and G3 isolates from Armenia and Türkiye, where CE has long been recognized as a significant public health concern. A large portion of the mitochondrial genome (11 675 bp) was sequenced for 85 parasite samples: 47 from Türkiye and 38 from Armenia. Samples originated from humans, sheep and cattle. For a global phylogenetic analysis, sequences from previous studies were included, yielding 280 G1 sequences and 55 G3 sequences from various host species and countries worldwide. The main results of this work revealed (i) high genetic diversity of G1 in Armenia and Türkiye; (ii) high genetic diversity of G3 in Armenia, whereas only a few representatives of G3 were detected in Türkiye; (iii) the subdivision of isolates of G1 and G3 from Armenia and Türkiye into several haplogroups; (iv) the dispersion of G1 and G3 haplotypes from Armenia and Türkiye across different haplogroups in global phylogenetic networks; and (v) the diffusion routes of G3 isolates from Türkiye to Armenia, from Iran to Armenia and from Iran to Greece. These findings highlight the importance of mitogenome analysis for monitoring the spread of CE among animals and humans.
SN  - 0031-1820
SN  - 1469-8161
ER  -