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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC-ND 4.0In Vivo

Surface Roughness as a Determinant of the Immunological Tissue Response to Additively Manufactured Titanium Implants

  • MIKE BARBECK1
  • SVEN PANTERMEHL1
  • JULIA STAMMKOETTER1
  • CINDY REINHOLDT1
  • SEBASTIAN STAMMKOETTER2
  • ANNE JAHN3
  • LARS LINGNAU2
  • SANJA STOJANOVIĆ4,5
  • STEVO NAJMAN4,5
  • STEFAN KAIERLE3
  • FRANK WALTHER2
  • OLE JUNG1
5 affiliations
  1. 1Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
  2. 2Chair of Materials Test Engineering (WPT), TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
  3. 3Additive Manufacturing Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hannover, Germany
  4. 4Scientific Research Center for Biomedicine, Department for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
  5. 5Department of Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
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Abstract

Background/Aim: Surface roughness strongly affects host responses to titanium implants. Additive manufacturing (AM) by selective laser melting (SLM) allows controlled surface generation but the immune consequences of AM-derived roughness remain unclear.

Materials and Methods: Three AM titanium disks with distinct roughness were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and profilometry. At 10 and 30 days after subcutaneous implantation of disks in rats, tissue responses were evaluated according to ISO 10993-6. A novel phagocyte accumulation index (PAI) was applied, integrating mononuclear infiltration, multinucleated giant cells, coverage, and morphology.

Results: All specimens induced only mild to moderate inflammation, confirming biocompatibility. Histology showed fibrosis, macrophage persistence, and rare multinucleated giant cells, without intergroup differences by ISO scoring. In contrast, the PAI detected significant differences: high-roughness specimens showed the highest values at day 30, significantly exceeding those of medium-roughness surfaces (p<0.05), while low-roughness surfaces were intermediate in value.

Conclusion: The PAI revealed surface roughness-dependent differences in phagocytic activity not captured by ISO scoring. High-roughness AM surfaces promoted the strongest response, highlighting AM and its process parameters as a biological determinant and PAI as a sensitive tool for biomaterial evaluation.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{barbeck2026surface,
  title = {{Surface Roughness as a Determinant of the Immunological Tissue Response to Additively Manufactured Titanium Implants}},
  author = {MIKE BARBECK and SVEN PANTERMEHL and JULIA STAMMKOETTER and CINDY REINHOLDT and SEBASTIAN STAMMKOETTER and ANNE JAHN and LARS LINGNAU and SANJA STOJANOVIĆ and STEVO NAJMAN and STEFAN KAIERLE and FRANK WALTHER and OLE JUNG},
  journal = {In Vivo},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.21873/invivo.14483},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.14483},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Surface Roughness as a Determinant of the Immunological Tissue Response to Additively Manufactured Titanium Implants
AU  - MIKE BARBECK
AU  - SVEN PANTERMEHL
AU  - JULIA STAMMKOETTER
AU  - CINDY REINHOLDT
AU  - SEBASTIAN STAMMKOETTER
AU  - ANNE JAHN
AU  - LARS LINGNAU
AU  - SANJA STOJANOVIĆ
AU  - STEVO NAJMAN
AU  - STEFAN KAIERLE
AU  - FRANK WALTHER
AU  - OLE JUNG
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/29
JO  - In Vivo
DO  - 10.21873/invivo.14483
UR  - https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.14483
AB  - Background/Aim: Surface roughness strongly affects host responses to titanium implants. Additive manufacturing (AM) by selective laser melting (SLM) allows controlled surface generation but the immune consequences of AM-derived roughness remain unclear.  Materials and Methods: Three AM titanium disks with distinct roughness were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and profilometry. At 10 and 30 days after subcutaneous implantation of disks in rats, tissue responses were evaluated according to ISO 10993-6. A novel phagocyte accumulation index (PAI) was applied, integrating mononuclear infiltration, multinucleated giant cells, coverage, and morphology.  Results: All specimens induced only mild to moderate inflammation, confirming biocompatibility. Histology showed fibrosis, macrophage persistence, and rare multinucleated giant cells, without intergroup differences by ISO scoring. In contrast, the PAI detected significant differences: high-roughness specimens showed the highest values at day 30, significantly exceeding those of medium-roughness surfaces (p<0.05), while low-roughness surfaces were intermediate in value.  Conclusion: The PAI revealed surface roughness-dependent differences in phagocytic activity not captured by ISO scoring. High-roughness AM surfaces promoted the strongest response, highlighting AM and its process parameters as a biological determinant and PAI as a sensitive tool for biomaterial evaluation.
SN  - 0258-851X
SN  - 1791-7549
ER  -