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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC-ND 4.0In Vivo

A Comparative Exploratory Study of Cognitive and Functional Outcomes by Sex and Age in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Atrial Fibrillation

  • MARIUS MILITARU1,2,3
  • DANIEL FLORIN LIGHEZAN2,3,4
  • CRISTINA TUDORAN5,6,7
  • ANCA MARIA CIMPEAN8,9,10,11
  • NICOLAE BERZESCU12
  • ANDA GABRIELA MILITARU2,3,4
12 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Neuroscience, University Clinic Neurology II, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
  2. 2Emergency City Hospital Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
  3. 3Centre of Advanced Research in Cardiology and Hemostasology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
  4. 4Department of Internal Medicine I, University Clinic Medical Semiology I, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
  5. 5Department VII, Internal Medicine II, Discipline of Cardiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
  6. 6Centre of Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
  7. 7County Emergency Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Timisoara, Romania
  8. 8Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
  9. 9Center of Expertise for Rare Vascular Disease in Children, Louis Turcanu Children Hospital, Developing Partner of VASCERN-VASCA Group, Timisoara, Romania
  10. 10Center of Genomic Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
  11. 11Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
  12. 12Doctoral School, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
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Abstract

Background/Aim: Atrial fibrillation (AF) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are associated with cognitive decline, but possible sex-related differences in cognitive and functional outcomes remain uncertain. This exploratory study evaluated sex-stratified associations of clinical factors, depressive symptoms, and functional independence with severe cognitive impairment in patients with T2DM, AF, and newly identified cognitive decline.

Patients and Methods: The study included 140 patients with T2DM, AF, and a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score <27, comprising 68 men and 72 women. Cognitive performance, depressive symptoms, and functional status were assessed using the MMSE, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), Activities of Daily Living (ADL), and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scales. Logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with severe cognitive impairment, defined as MMSE <24, in the overall cohort and separately in male and female patients.

Results: Severe cognitive impairment was present in 32/68 men (47.06%) and 36/72 women (50.00%), with no significant difference between sexes. Increasing age and higher diastolic blood pressure were associated with higher odds of MMSE <24 in the overall cohort and in sex-stratified analyses. Higher GDS-15 scores were associated with increased odds of severe cognitive impairment in both sexes, whereas greater functional independence, reflected by higher ADL scores, was associated with lower odds of MMSE <24.

Conclusion: Age, higher diastolic blood pressure, and greater depressive symptom burden in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were associated with increased odds of severe cognitive impairment, whereas greater functional independence was associated with lower odds in both sexes. These exploratory findings support cognitive, cardiovascular, psychological, and functional assessment in patients with T2DM and AF.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{militaru2026comparative,
  title = {{A Comparative Exploratory Study of Cognitive and Functional Outcomes by Sex and Age in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Atrial Fibrillation}},
  author = {MARIUS MILITARU and DANIEL FLORIN LIGHEZAN and CRISTINA TUDORAN and ANCA MARIA CIMPEAN and NICOLAE BERZESCU and ANDA GABRIELA MILITARU},
  journal = {In Vivo},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.21873/invivo.14473},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.14473},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - A Comparative Exploratory Study of Cognitive and Functional Outcomes by Sex and Age in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Atrial Fibrillation
AU  - MARIUS MILITARU
AU  - DANIEL FLORIN LIGHEZAN
AU  - CRISTINA TUDORAN
AU  - ANCA MARIA CIMPEAN
AU  - NICOLAE BERZESCU
AU  - ANDA GABRIELA MILITARU
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/29
JO  - In Vivo
DO  - 10.21873/invivo.14473
UR  - https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.14473
AB  - Background/Aim: Atrial fibrillation (AF) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are associated with cognitive decline, but possible sex-related differences in cognitive and functional outcomes remain uncertain. This exploratory study evaluated sex-stratified associations of clinical factors, depressive symptoms, and functional independence with severe cognitive impairment in patients with T2DM, AF, and newly identified cognitive decline.  Patients and Methods: The study included 140 patients with T2DM, AF, and a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score <27, comprising 68 men and 72 women. Cognitive performance, depressive symptoms, and functional status were assessed using the MMSE, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), Activities of Daily Living (ADL), and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scales. Logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with severe cognitive impairment, defined as MMSE <24, in the overall cohort and separately in male and female patients.  Results: Severe cognitive impairment was present in 32/68 men (47.06%) and 36/72 women (50.00%), with no significant difference between sexes. Increasing age and higher diastolic blood pressure were associated with higher odds of MMSE <24 in the overall cohort and in sex-stratified analyses. Higher GDS-15 scores were associated with increased odds of severe cognitive impairment in both sexes, whereas greater functional independence, reflected by higher ADL scores, was associated with lower odds of MMSE <24.  Conclusion: Age, higher diastolic blood pressure, and greater depressive symptom burden in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were associated with increased odds of severe cognitive impairment, whereas greater functional independence was associated with lower odds in both sexes. These exploratory findings support cognitive, cardiovascular, psychological, and functional assessment in patients with T2DM and AF.
SN  - 0258-851X
SN  - 1791-7549
ER  -