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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Veterinary Medicine and Science

Surgical Site Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance After Mastectomy in Dogs and Cats: A 615‐Case Multicentre Cohort and Infection‐Control Audit

  • Mohammad Hedayatinia1
  • Ferdos Gorjian1
  • Mobina Pato2
  • Mohammad Ali Maadi3
  • Reza Ahmadi4
  • Arman Abdous5
5 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Veterinary Medicine Shoushtar Branch Islamic Azad University Shoushtar Iran
  2. 2Department of Microbiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine SR.C. Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
  3. 3Department of Clinical Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine Shiraz University Shiraz Iran
  4. 4Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine Islamic Azad University, Garmsar Branch Semnan Iran
  5. 5Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Abstract

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is an important complication after mastectomy and antimicrobial resistance may complicate treatment.

Objectives: To estimate 30‐day SSI incidence after mastectomy in dogs (Canis lupus familiaris Linnaeus, 1758) and cats (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758), evaluate patient‐ and procedure‐related factors, describe perioperative antimicrobial use and microbiology and assess clinic infection‐control practices.

Methods: This multicentre retrospective cohort included 615 mastectomy procedures from 12 veterinary clinics in Tehran Province, Iran, between 2020 and 2025. SSI‐positive records were independently re‐reviewed by two investigators using contemporary veterinary SSI terminology. Clinic‐stratified conditional logistic regression evaluated seven clinically selected predictors.

Results: SSI occurred after 54/615 procedures (8.8%; 95% CI, 6.8%–11.3%); 50 infections were superficial and four deep. Surgical duration per 30 min (aOR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.61–3.49), intraoperative hypothermia (aOR, 3.66; 95% CI, 1.39–9.62), body condition score per point (aOR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.05–2.42) and previous major surgery (aOR, 3.57; 95% CI, 1.49–8.55) were associated with SSI. An MDR isolate was identified in 16/33 cultured SSI cases and antimicrobial–isolate discordance was present in 15/30 assessable comparisons. Mean clinic infection‐control audit score was 4.6 ± 1.7/10.

Conclusions: Longer surgery, intraoperative hypothermia, higher body condition score and previous major surgery were associated with SSI in this predominantly canine cohort of intact animals undergoing mastectomy without concurrent ovariohysterectomy. These associations were not independently demonstrated in cats. The findings support standardised surveillance, perioperative risk reduction, culture‐guided treatment and antimicrobial stewardship.

Clinical trial registration: Not applicable. This was a retrospective observational study and clinic‐level audit and was not a clinical trial.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{hedayatinia2026surgical,
  title = {{Surgical Site Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance After Mastectomy in Dogs and Cats: A 615‐Case Multicentre Cohort and Infection‐Control Audit}},
  author = {Mohammad Hedayatinia and Ferdos Gorjian and Mobina Pato and Mohammad Ali Maadi and Reza Ahmadi and Arman Abdous},
  journal = {Veterinary Medicine and Science},
  year = {2026},
  month = nov,
  doi = {10.1002/vms3.71322},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.71322},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Surgical Site Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance After Mastectomy in Dogs and Cats: A 615‐Case Multicentre Cohort and Infection‐Control Audit
AU  - Mohammad Hedayatinia
AU  - Ferdos Gorjian
AU  - Mobina Pato
AU  - Mohammad Ali Maadi
AU  - Reza Ahmadi
AU  - Arman Abdous
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/11/03
JO  - Veterinary Medicine and Science
DO  - 10.1002/vms3.71322
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.71322
AB  - Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is an important complication after mastectomy and antimicrobial resistance may complicate treatment.  Objectives: To estimate 30‐day SSI incidence after mastectomy in dogs (Canis lupus familiaris Linnaeus, 1758) and cats (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758), evaluate patient‐ and procedure‐related factors, describe perioperative antimicrobial use and microbiology and assess clinic infection‐control practices.  Methods: This multicentre retrospective cohort included 615 mastectomy procedures from 12 veterinary clinics in Tehran Province, Iran, between 2020 and 2025. SSI‐positive records were independently re‐reviewed by two investigators using contemporary veterinary SSI terminology. Clinic‐stratified conditional logistic regression evaluated seven clinically selected predictors.  Results: SSI occurred after 54/615 procedures (8.8%; 95% CI, 6.8%–11.3%); 50 infections were superficial and four deep. Surgical duration per 30 min (aOR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.61–3.49), intraoperative hypothermia (aOR, 3.66; 95% CI, 1.39–9.62), body condition score per point (aOR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.05–2.42) and previous major surgery (aOR, 3.57; 95% CI, 1.49–8.55) were associated with SSI. An MDR isolate was identified in 16/33 cultured SSI cases and antimicrobial–isolate discordance was present in 15/30 assessable comparisons. Mean clinic infection‐control audit score was 4.6 ± 1.7/10.  Conclusions: Longer surgery, intraoperative hypothermia, higher body condition score and previous major surgery were associated with SSI in this predominantly canine cohort of intact animals undergoing mastectomy without concurrent ovariohysterectomy. These associations were not independently demonstrated in cats. The findings support standardised surveillance, perioperative risk reduction, culture‐guided treatment and antimicrobial stewardship.  Clinical trial registration: Not applicable. This was a retrospective observational study and clinic‐level audit and was not a clinical trial.
SN  - 2053-1095
ER  -