Plasma-Activated 3D-Printed Electrode for the Determination of Tolfenamic Acid in Environmental Samples
6 affiliations
- 1Federal University of Juiz de Fora , , , ,
- 2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , , , ,
- 3Fluminense Federal University , , , ,
- 4University of São Paulo , , , ,
- 5University of Campinas , , , ,
- 6Federal University of Uberlândia , , , ,
Abstract
The occurrence of tolfenamic acid (TA) in aquatic environments has raised concerns regarding its potential environmental impacts, highlighting the need for rapid, sensitive, and low-cost analytical methods for its determination. In this work, a conductive CB/PLA filament was fabricated through a solvent-free thermal mixing approach and used to produce a 3D-printed electrochemical sensor for TA determination. This strategy provides a greener and scalable route for electrode fabrication. Atmospheric air plasma treatment was applied to improve the electrochemical performance of the CB/PLA electrode. SEM images revealed the partial removal of the insulating PLA matrix, increasing the exposure of the conductive carbon sites. This modification resulted in lower charge-transfer resistance (Rct from 33.4 to 7.6 kΩ). Under optimized differential pulse voltammetry conditions, the plasma-treated electrode (CB/PLA-PT) exhibited a linear response toward TA in the concentration range of 1.91–20.1 μmol L–1, with detection and quantification limits of 0.54 and 1.80 μmol L–1, respectively. The sensor demonstrated satisfactory precision (RSD ≤ 5.7%) and selectivity in the presence of common interfering species. Its applicability was successfully demonstrated in spiked river and tap water samples, yielding recovery values between 92 and 105%. The proposed approach combines 3D printing and reagent-free plasma activation to provide a simple and environmentally friendly platform for the electrochemical determination of TA in environmental waters.
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BibTeX
@article{souza2026plasmaactivated,
title = {{Plasma-Activated 3D-Printed Electrode for the Determination of Tolfenamic Acid in Environmental Samples}},
author = {Cassiano Cunha de Souza and Francisco Walison Lima Silva and Anne Alves Macedo and Dayenny Louise D̀Amato and Célia Machado Ronconi and Wallace Burger Veríssimo de Oliveira and Raquel G. Rocha and Lucas V. de Faria and Fernando Henrique Cincotto and Rodrigo Alejandro Abarza Muñoz and Maria Auxiliadora Costa Matos and Renato Camargo Matos},
journal = {ACS Omega},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1021/acsomega.6c08647},
url = {https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/doi/10.1021/acsomega.6c08647/5460615/Plasma-Activated-3D-Printed-Electrode-for-the},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Plasma-Activated 3D-Printed Electrode for the Determination of Tolfenamic Acid in Environmental Samples
AU - Cassiano Cunha de Souza
AU - Francisco Walison Lima Silva
AU - Anne Alves Macedo
AU - Dayenny Louise D̀Amato
AU - Célia Machado Ronconi
AU - Wallace Burger Veríssimo de Oliveira
AU - Raquel G. Rocha
AU - Lucas V. de Faria
AU - Fernando Henrique Cincotto
AU - Rodrigo Alejandro Abarza Muñoz
AU - Maria Auxiliadora Costa Matos
AU - Renato Camargo Matos
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/29
JO - ACS Omega
DO - 10.1021/acsomega.6c08647
UR - https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/doi/10.1021/acsomega.6c08647/5460615/Plasma-Activated-3D-Printed-Electrode-for-the
AB - The occurrence of tolfenamic acid (TA) in aquatic environments has raised concerns regarding its potential environmental impacts, highlighting the need for rapid, sensitive, and low-cost analytical methods for its determination. In this work, a conductive CB/PLA filament was fabricated through a solvent-free thermal mixing approach and used to produce a 3D-printed electrochemical sensor for TA determination. This strategy provides a greener and scalable route for electrode fabrication. Atmospheric air plasma treatment was applied to improve the electrochemical performance of the CB/PLA electrode. SEM images revealed the partial removal of the insulating PLA matrix, increasing the exposure of the conductive carbon sites. This modification resulted in lower charge-transfer resistance (Rct from 33.4 to 7.6 kΩ). Under optimized differential pulse voltammetry conditions, the plasma-treated electrode (CB/PLA-PT) exhibited a linear response toward TA in the concentration range of 1.91–20.1 μmol L–1, with detection and quantification limits of 0.54 and 1.80 μmol L–1, respectively. The sensor demonstrated satisfactory precision (RSD ≤ 5.7%) and selectivity in the presence of common interfering species. Its applicability was successfully demonstrated in spiked river and tap water samples, yielding recovery values between 92 and 105%. The proposed approach combines 3D printing and reagent-free plasma activation to provide a simple and environmentally friendly platform for the electrochemical determination of TA in environmental waters.
SN - 2470-1343
ER -