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Peer-reviewedCC BYPlants (Basel, Switzerland)

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.): Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Potential from a Pharmacological Perspective.

  • Pratama Setiawan1
  • Trivadila1,2
  • Utami Dyah Syafitri2,3
  • Muhammad Syukur4
  • Wisnu Ananta Kusuma2,5
  • Yanico Hadi Prayogo2,6
  • Agus Saputra7
  • Faridah Abas8
  • Mohamad Rafi1,2
8 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
  2. 2Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, International Research Institute of Food, Nutrition, Health, and Halal, IPB University, Bogor 16128, Indonesia.
  3. 3Department of Computational Statistics, School of Data Science, Mathematics, and Informatics, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
  4. 4Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
  5. 5Division of Computational Intelligence and Optimization, School of Data Science, Mathematics, and Informatics, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
  6. 6Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
  7. 7Faculty of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang 85001, Indonesia.
  8. 8Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Abstract

The genus Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) has a long history of use in traditional medicine and continues to attract scientific interest due to its diverse pharmacological properties. This review summarizes the ethnopharmacological uses of Cinnamomum species, including major investigated species such as C. verum, C. cassia, C. burmannii, C. camphora, and other reported species, plant parts utilized, phytochemical composition, biological activities, underlying mechanisms, and safety considerations. Evidence from the literature indicates that bark and leaves are the plant parts most frequently investigated. The phytochemical profile of Cinnamomum comprises diverse volatile and non-volatile constituents, including bioactive compounds such as cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, cinnamic acid, coumarin, and phenolic compounds, with composition influenced by species, geographical origin, plant part, and extraction method. Chemometric approaches have been applied to characterize metabolite variations and their association with biological activities. Preclinical studies demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective effects across several Cinnamomum species. These activities are associated with regulation of oxidative stress, NF-κB/AP-1-mediated inflammatory responses, PI3K/AKT-related metabolic regulation, and apoptosis-related mechanisms. Despite these promising findings, substantial variability in plant materials, extraction procedures, chemical standardization, experimental models, dose selection, and safety profiles across different Cinnamomum species limits comparison among studies and clinical translation. Further research integrating phytochemical characterization, metabolomics and chemometrics, standardized bioactivity assays, toxicological evaluation, and clinical studies is required to establish the efficacy, safety, and quality of Cinnamomum species.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{setiawan2026cinnamon,
  title = {{Cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.): Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Potential from a Pharmacological Perspective.}},
  author = {Pratama Setiawan and Trivadila and Utami Dyah Syafitri and Muhammad Syukur and Wisnu Ananta Kusuma and Yanico Hadi Prayogo and Agus Saputra and Faridah Abas and Mohamad Rafi},
  journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/plants15203102},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42943055},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.): Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Potential from a Pharmacological Perspective.
AU  - Pratama Setiawan
AU  - Trivadila
AU  - Utami Dyah Syafitri
AU  - Muhammad Syukur
AU  - Wisnu Ananta Kusuma
AU  - Yanico Hadi Prayogo
AU  - Agus Saputra
AU  - Faridah Abas
AU  - Mohamad Rafi
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/10
JO  - Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
DO  - 10.3390/plants15203102
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42943055
AB  - The genus Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) has a long history of use in traditional medicine and continues to attract scientific interest due to its diverse pharmacological properties. This review summarizes the ethnopharmacological uses of Cinnamomum species, including major investigated species such as C. verum, C. cassia, C. burmannii, C. camphora, and other reported species, plant parts utilized, phytochemical composition, biological activities, underlying mechanisms, and safety considerations. Evidence from the literature indicates that bark and leaves are the plant parts most frequently investigated. The phytochemical profile of Cinnamomum comprises diverse volatile and non-volatile constituents, including bioactive compounds such as cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, cinnamic acid, coumarin, and phenolic compounds, with composition influenced by species, geographical origin, plant part, and extraction method. Chemometric approaches have been applied to characterize metabolite variations and their association with biological activities. Preclinical studies demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective effects across several Cinnamomum species. These activities are associated with regulation of oxidative stress, NF-κB/AP-1-mediated inflammatory responses, PI3K/AKT-related metabolic regulation, and apoptosis-related mechanisms. Despite these promising findings, substantial variability in plant materials, extraction procedures, chemical standardization, experimental models, dose selection, and safety profiles across different Cinnamomum species limits comparison among studies and clinical translation. Further research integrating phytochemical characterization, metabolomics and chemometrics, standardized bioactivity assays, toxicological evaluation, and clinical studies is required to establish the efficacy, safety, and quality of Cinnamomum species.
SN  - 2223-7747
ER  -