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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC-NDFood chemistry: X

Goat and cow milk merits distinct nutritional and functional properties based on simulated gastrointestinal digestion of infant.

  • Jiaxin Chen1,2
  • Ruikai Zhu1
  • Linjun Wu1
  • Jian Kuang1
  • Xiangyu Bian1
  • Xiaoqiong Li1
  • Weiwei Wang2
  • Wenjie Kang3,4
  • Shanbo Mu3,4
  • Bryan Yanwen Liu4,5,6
  • Ke Zhao1
  • Jinjun Li1
6 affiliations
  1. 1Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Logistic and Processing, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
  2. 2College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030800, China.
  3. 3Yeeper (Qingdao) Sheep Dairy Co., LTD., Qingdao 266000, China.
  4. 4Yeeper (Qingdao) Hypoallergenic Nutritional Research Institute, Qingdao 266000, China.
  5. 5College of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
  6. 6Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Abstract

The nutritional and functional properties of goat and cow milk in digestive tract of infant is unclear. Applying simulated infant gastrointestinal digestion method, this study aims to systematically compare digestibility, peptide profiling, and immunomodulatory role of goat and cow milk, and further characterize their role in regulating homeostasis of gut microbiota and metabolism. It's found that the degree of hydrolysis and number of detected peptides was higher in goat milk (GM), while the relative abundance of predicted allergic peptides was higher in cow milk (CM). In addition, the expression of IL-1β and/or IL-6 in colonic organoids was elevated after GM or CM digesta intervention. Furthermore, GM and CM showed distinct effects on the composition of gut microbiota and metabolite profiles in an in vitro hindgut fermentation system using infant fecal inocula. The results provide basis for future applications of GM and CM in infant feeding, and further validation is required.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{chen2026goat,
  title = {{Goat and cow milk merits distinct nutritional and functional properties based on simulated gastrointestinal digestion of infant.}},
  author = {Jiaxin Chen and Ruikai Zhu and Linjun Wu and Jian Kuang and Xiangyu Bian and Xiaoqiong Li and Weiwei Wang and Wenjie Kang and Shanbo Mu and Bryan Yanwen Liu and Ke Zhao and Jinjun Li},
  journal = {Food chemistry: X},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1016/j.fochx.2026.104582},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42899151},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Goat and cow milk merits distinct nutritional and functional properties based on simulated gastrointestinal digestion of infant.
AU  - Jiaxin Chen
AU  - Ruikai Zhu
AU  - Linjun Wu
AU  - Jian Kuang
AU  - Xiangyu Bian
AU  - Xiaoqiong Li
AU  - Weiwei Wang
AU  - Wenjie Kang
AU  - Shanbo Mu
AU  - Bryan Yanwen Liu
AU  - Ke Zhao
AU  - Jinjun Li
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/07
JO  - Food chemistry: X
DO  - 10.1016/j.fochx.2026.104582
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42899151
AB  - The nutritional and functional properties of goat and cow milk in digestive tract of infant is unclear. Applying simulated infant gastrointestinal digestion method, this study aims to systematically compare digestibility, peptide profiling, and immunomodulatory role of goat and cow milk, and further characterize their role in regulating homeostasis of gut microbiota and metabolism. It's found that the degree of hydrolysis and number of detected peptides was higher in goat milk (GM), while the relative abundance of predicted allergic peptides was higher in cow milk (CM). In addition, the expression of IL-1β and/or IL-6 in colonic organoids was elevated after GM or CM digesta intervention. Furthermore, GM and CM showed distinct effects on the composition of gut microbiota and metabolite profiles in an in vitro hindgut fermentation system using infant fecal inocula. The results provide basis for future applications of GM and CM in infant feeding, and further validation is required.
SN  - 2590-1575
ER  -