2D Versus 3D Laparoscopy in Partial Nephrectomy: A Concurrent, Equipment-Allocated Three-Centre Comparison of Precision and Outcomes.
- 1Urology Unit, Department of Special Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan.
Abstract
Background
Warm ischaemia time is the main modifiable determinant of early renal functional loss after partial nephrectomy, and it is governed largely by the speed of intracorporeal suturing. Three-dimensional (3D) laparoscopy restores binocular depth cues and might shorten the reconstructive phase. Earlier comparisons have largely been before-and-after series, in which a secular trend cannot be separated from the optics.Methods
We analysed 209 consecutive laparoscopic partial nephrectomies performed at three private Jordanian hospitals between January 2023 and December 2025, 102 with two-dimensional (2D) and 107 with 3D visualisation. Both systems were in concurrent use throughout, and allocation followed rotation of a shared 3D tower rather than calendar period. Groups were compared with Welch t, Mann-Whitney U, chi-square and Fisher exact tests with Benjamini-Hochberg control of the false discovery rate. Multivariable models with heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors and stabilised inverse probability of treatment weighting estimated the adjusted effect.Results
Baseline characteristics were balanced (all standardised mean differences below 0.20). The 3D group had shorter warm ischaemia (adjusted beta -4.76 min, 95% CI -6.28 to -3.24), shorter renorrhaphy (-5.06 min), shorter operative time (-12.35 min), lower blood loss and shorter stay. Warm ischaemia of 25 min or less occurred in 90.7% versus 53.9%. Complications, margins and readmission did not differ.Conclusions
With allocation independent of calendar time, 3D visualisation was associated with a faster reconstructive phase and better ischaemia control.
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BibTeX
@article{alrawashdah2026versus,
title = {{2D Versus 3D Laparoscopy in Partial Nephrectomy: A Concurrent, Equipment-Allocated Three-Centre Comparison of Precision and Outcomes.}},
author = {Samer Al-Rawashdah and Malik Ayyad},
journal = {Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.)},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/curroncol33100614},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42930181},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - 2D Versus 3D Laparoscopy in Partial Nephrectomy: A Concurrent, Equipment-Allocated Three-Centre Comparison of Precision and Outcomes.
AU - Samer Al-Rawashdah
AU - Malik Ayyad
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/13
JO - Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.)
DO - 10.3390/curroncol33100614
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42930181
AB - Background Warm ischaemia time is the main modifiable determinant of early renal functional loss after partial nephrectomy, and it is governed largely by the speed of intracorporeal suturing. Three-dimensional (3D) laparoscopy restores binocular depth cues and might shorten the reconstructive phase. Earlier comparisons have largely been before-and-after series, in which a secular trend cannot be separated from the optics.Methods We analysed 209 consecutive laparoscopic partial nephrectomies performed at three private Jordanian hospitals between January 2023 and December 2025, 102 with two-dimensional (2D) and 107 with 3D visualisation. Both systems were in concurrent use throughout, and allocation followed rotation of a shared 3D tower rather than calendar period. Groups were compared with Welch t, Mann-Whitney U, chi-square and Fisher exact tests with Benjamini-Hochberg control of the false discovery rate. Multivariable models with heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors and stabilised inverse probability of treatment weighting estimated the adjusted effect.Results Baseline characteristics were balanced (all standardised mean differences below 0.20). The 3D group had shorter warm ischaemia (adjusted beta -4.76 min, 95% CI -6.28 to -3.24), shorter renorrhaphy (-5.06 min), shorter operative time (-12.35 min), lower blood loss and shorter stay. Warm ischaemia of 25 min or less occurred in 90.7% versus 53.9%. Complications, margins and readmission did not differ.Conclusions With allocation independent of calendar time, 3D visualisation was associated with a faster reconstructive phase and better ischaemia control.
SN - 1198-0052
SN - 1718-7729
ER -