Migration of Belle II TOP Feature Extraction from the Zynq Processing System to PCIe40 Readout PCs

Abstract

The Belle II Time-of-Propagation (TOP) detector is a key system for charged-particle identification (PID). Although TOP operated successfully during initial Belle II data taking, increasing luminosity and beam-induced background led to more frequent single-event upsets (SEUs) in the radiation-exposed Zynq systems-on-chip (SoCs). Resulting lockups of the embedded processing systems (PSs) interrupted data acquisition. To mitigate this limitation, waveform feature extraction, a critical task of the on-detector Zynq PS, was migrated to the off-detector PCIe40 readout PCs (ROPCs). The new architecture bypasses the PS in the event data path and performs feature extraction outside the detector radiation environment. This change removed SEU-induced PS lockups from the event data path and enabled stable operation of the TOP front-end electronics and the Belle II data-acquisition system under increased luminosity and background conditions. The typical TOP deadtime decreased from about 1% to a level consistent with zero after the final firmware patch, and stable operation was demonstrated at a Level-1 (L1) trigger rate of 30 kHz with a microchannel-plate photomultiplier-tube (MCP-PMT) hit rate of approximately 5 MHz per PMT. This paper describes the migrated architecture, its deployment and validation, and its operational and PID performance.

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BibTeX RIS

BibTeX

@misc{purwar2026migration,
  title = {{Migration of Belle II TOP Feature Extraction from the Zynq Processing System to PCIe40 Readout PCs}},
  author = {Harsh Purwar and Shahab Kohani and Vasily Shebalin and Martin Bessner and Matt Andrew and Thomas Browder and Tommy Lam and Kurtis Nishimura and Sourav Patra and Vladimir Savinov and Marko Staric and Gary Varner and Satoru Yamada and Keisuke Yoshihara},
  howpublished = {arXiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = aug,
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2608.27814},
  eprint = {2608.27814},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.27814},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}

RIS

TY  - UNPB
TI  - Migration of Belle II TOP Feature Extraction from the Zynq Processing System to PCIe40 Readout PCs
AU  - Harsh Purwar
AU  - Shahab Kohani
AU  - Vasily Shebalin
AU  - Martin Bessner
AU  - Matt Andrew
AU  - Thomas Browder
AU  - Tommy Lam
AU  - Kurtis Nishimura
AU  - Sourav Patra
AU  - Vladimir Savinov
AU  - Marko Staric
AU  - Gary Varner
AU  - Satoru Yamada
AU  - Keisuke Yoshihara
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/08/28
PB  - arXiv
DO  - 10.48550/arxiv.2608.27814
UR  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.27814
AB  - The Belle II Time-of-Propagation (TOP) detector is a key system for charged-particle identification (PID). Although TOP operated successfully during initial Belle II data taking, increasing luminosity and beam-induced background led to more frequent single-event upsets (SEUs) in the radiation-exposed Zynq systems-on-chip (SoCs). Resulting lockups of the embedded processing systems (PSs) interrupted data acquisition. To mitigate this limitation, waveform feature extraction, a critical task of the on-detector Zynq PS, was migrated to the off-detector PCIe40 readout PCs (ROPCs). The new architecture bypasses the PS in the event data path and performs feature extraction outside the detector radiation environment. This change removed SEU-induced PS lockups from the event data path and enabled stable operation of the TOP front-end electronics and the Belle II data-acquisition system under increased luminosity and background conditions. The typical TOP deadtime decreased from about 1% to a level consistent with zero after the final firmware patch, and stable operation was demonstrated at a Level-1 (L1) trigger rate of 30 kHz with a microchannel-plate photomultiplier-tube (MCP-PMT) hit rate of approximately 5 MHz per PMT. This paper describes the migrated architecture, its deployment and validation, and its operational and PID performance.
ER  -

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