Atmospheric-Pressure Microplasma Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles for Environmental Catalysis
6 affiliations
- 1Plasma Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
- 2Materials Laboratory, Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
- 3Department of Physics, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 250200, China
- 4Department of Computer Engineering, Biruni University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
- 5Mathematics Research Center, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus
- 6Department of Management Information Systems, College of Business and Economics, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
Atmospheric-pressure plasma–liquid interactions (PLIs) enable nanoparticle synthesis by generating reactive reducing species directly at the plasma–liquid interface, without the addition of a separate chemical reductant. In this work, d-fructose-stabilized palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) were synthesized in a one-step atmospheric-pressure DC microplasma process using chloropalladic acid as the precursor. Optical emission spectroscopy was used to examine plasma characteristics governing nanoparticle formation. The discharge produced OH radicals, UV radiation, and excited argon species, while electron and gas temperatures were evaluated with discharge current. Increasing current enhanced UV emission, relative OH emission intensity, and gas temperature, whereas electron temperature decreased because of greater collisional energy transfer. These plasma-driven processes promoted Pd2+ reduction and influenced nanoparticle nucleation and growth. UV–Vis spectroscopy showed progressive conversion of Pd2+ to metallic Pd, with most growth completed within 30 min. SEM and EDX confirmed predominantly spherical, d-fructose-stabilized metallic Pd nanostructures, while XRD further supported the formation of crystalline metallic Pd0 with an fcc structure. The Pd NPs showed strong catalytic activity for reducing 4-nitrophenol, methyl orange, and Congo red, with apparent rate constants of 0.2508, 0.6346, and 0.3416 min−1, respectively. These findings demonstrate atmospheric-pressure PLI as a controllable platform for producing catalytically active palladium nanoparticles in an aqueous medium.
Related
- Novel Palladium(II) β-Diketonate Complexes: Synthesis, Dual Antimicrobial/Anticancer Activity, and Molecular Insights into DNA/Protein Interactions
- Mitigating Environmental Pollutant-Induced Premature Ovarian Insufficiency by Rationally Designed Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles via Dual Regulation of ROS and Mitophagy.
- Synthesis of deuterated ALC-0315 for contrast variation SANS analysis of lipid nanoparticles.
- Green synthesis of TiO₂ nanoparticles using allium sativum skin extract for acridine orange photocatalytic degradation: optimization via R
- Niallia Circulans mediated Bio-fabrication of ZnO nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, and multifunctional applications
BibTeX
@article{ismail2026atmosphericpressure,
title = {{Atmospheric-Pressure Microplasma Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles for Environmental Catalysis}},
author = {Siddiqa Ismail and Waqqar Ahmed and Akif Naqeeb Qadri and Niaz Wali and Najeeb Ur Rehman and Yakup Yildirim and Taha Radwan},
journal = {Catalysts},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/catal16100913},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/16/10/913},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Atmospheric-Pressure Microplasma Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles for Environmental Catalysis
AU - Siddiqa Ismail
AU - Waqqar Ahmed
AU - Akif Naqeeb Qadri
AU - Niaz Wali
AU - Najeeb Ur Rehman
AU - Yakup Yildirim
AU - Taha Radwan
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/15
JO - Catalysts
DO - 10.3390/catal16100913
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/16/10/913
AB - Atmospheric-pressure plasma–liquid interactions (PLIs) enable nanoparticle synthesis by generating reactive reducing species directly at the plasma–liquid interface, without the addition of a separate chemical reductant. In this work, d-fructose-stabilized palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) were synthesized in a one-step atmospheric-pressure DC microplasma process using chloropalladic acid as the precursor. Optical emission spectroscopy was used to examine plasma characteristics governing nanoparticle formation. The discharge produced OH radicals, UV radiation, and excited argon species, while electron and gas temperatures were evaluated with discharge current. Increasing current enhanced UV emission, relative OH emission intensity, and gas temperature, whereas electron temperature decreased because of greater collisional energy transfer. These plasma-driven processes promoted Pd2+ reduction and influenced nanoparticle nucleation and growth. UV–Vis spectroscopy showed progressive conversion of Pd2+ to metallic Pd, with most growth completed within 30 min. SEM and EDX confirmed predominantly spherical, d-fructose-stabilized metallic Pd nanostructures, while XRD further supported the formation of crystalline metallic Pd0 with an fcc structure. The Pd NPs showed strong catalytic activity for reducing 4-nitrophenol, methyl orange, and Congo red, with apparent rate constants of 0.2508, 0.6346, and 0.3416 min−1, respectively. These findings demonstrate atmospheric-pressure PLI as a controllable platform for producing catalytically active palladium nanoparticles in an aqueous medium.
SN - 2073-4344
ER -